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Impairments
Impairments
25 Causes of impairment
3.1
Attenuation
3.2
Measurement of Attenuation
dB = 10log10P2/P1
P1 - input signal
P2 - output signal
3.3
Figure 3.26 Attenuation
3.4
Example 3.26
3.6
Example 3.28
3.7
Figure 3.27 Decibels for Example 3.28
3.8
Example 3.29
Solution
We can calculate the power in the signal as
3.9
Example 3.30
3.10
Distortion
Means that the signal changes its form or
shape
Distortion occurs in composite signals
Each frequency component has its own
propagation speed traveling through a
medium.
The different components therefore arrive
with different delays at the receiver.
That means that the signals have different
phases at the receiver than they did at the
source.
3.11
Figure 3.28 Distortion
3.12
Noise
There are different types of noise
Thermal - random noise of electrons in the
wire creates an extra signal
Crosstalk - same as above but between
two wires.
Impulse - Spikes that result from power
lines, lighning, etc.
Induced
3.13
Figure 3.29 Noise
3.14
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
3.15
Example 3.31
Solution
The values of SNR and SNRdB can be calculated as
follows:
3.16
Example 3.32
3.17
Figure 3.30 Two cases of SNR: a high SNR and a low SNR
3.18
Performance
Throughput- How fast data can pass through a point.
Throughput is the number of bits that can pass through
transmission media in one second.
3.19
DATA RATE LIMITS
3.21
Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity
In reality, we cannot have a noiseless channel; the
channel is always noisy.
Claude Shannon introduced a formula, called the
Shannon capacity, to determine the
theoretical highest data rate for a noisy channel:
Capacity =bandwidth X log2 (1 +SNR)
3.22
Example 3.34(Nyquist theorem)
signal with two signal levels. The maximum bit rate can be calculated as
3.23
Consider an extremely noisy channel in
which the value of SNR is almost zero. In
other words, the noise is so strong that
the signal is faint. For this channel, the
capacity is calculated as:
C= B log2 (1+S/N)
=B log2(1+0)
=B log2 1= B * 0= 0
3.24
Numerical
A telephone line normally has a BW
3000Hz (300 Hz to 3300 Hz). The SNR is
usually 3162. For this channel, the
capacity is calculated as:
3.25
Ans
C= B log2 (1+S/N)
3.26