• ETHICS • MORALS

• (Theoretical Interests) • (Practical Interests)

• The Nature • Fundamental

of the Good Beliefs
• Character of
• The Nature of the Moral Agent
Human Person -Use of Norms
• Situational
• Criteria Analysis
of Judgment
Ethics is derived from the Greek
word ‘ethos’, meaning custom…
a more fixed type of custom and
is often used to mean a man’s
character.

Morality, is derived from the latin

word ‘mores’, which also means
customs… way of life.
Morality

• Morality can be defined as the

standards that an individual or a
group has about what is right
and wrong, or good and evil.

• Our moral qualities that force us

to live in harmony with the
unconscious; doing so is the
highest form of morality.
Morality
• We have to ask ourselves how the
values that we find in our Christian
faith are to be translated into
practice, in our everyday struggle to
make life more meaningful

• “ Pagsasabuhay”
• Pagpapakatao
• Pag-unawa
outlook of what it means to be fully
human
Morality
• refers to certain codes of
conduct put forward by a society
or a group ( such a religion), or
accepted by an individual for
his/her own behavior.
Morality
• Morality is an informal public
system applying to all rational
persons, governing behavior that
affect others, and has the
lessening evil or harm as its goal

• Morality is a complex of
concepts and philosophical
beliefs by which an individual
determines whether his or her
actions are right or wrong.
Morality
• These concepts and beliefs are
generalized and codified in a
culture or group, and thus serve
to regulate the behavior of its
members.

• Conformity to such codification

is called morality,and the group
may depend on widespread
conformity to such codes for its
continued existence
UNDERSTANDING CHRISTIAN MORALITY
• Christian Morality is not a matter
of merely knowing principles,
laws, or strategies that help us to
resolve our moral dilemma.
• It is a matter of our being
attentive to the life of Jesus of
Nazareth and allowing what
Jesus of Nazareth has revealed
about God and human life to
inform our moral discernment.
 Is it right
EXAMINATION or wrong?

of

OUR WAYS OF
THINKING,VALUING, AND LIVING
MORES/MORALITY
APPROACHES IN MORALITY

• DONALD Harrington gives us a look at morality from five different

perspectives:

• Morality as law
• Morality as inner conviction
• Morality as personal growth
• Morality as love
• Morality as social transformation
Approaches in Morality
• Morality as Law
• It is morality associated with
authority figures
• People, such as our parents, our
teachers, and priests are sources
of this type of morality.
Morality as Law
• It is something that is imposed
on us.
• We see our moral role in terms
of duty or obedience

• The words “ reward and

punishment” are very much part
of this way looking at morality
Morality as Inner Conviction
• We experience this approach to
morality when, for instance, we
no longer need someone to tell
us not to steal because we are
able to see and feel the injustice
that we bring into ourselves,
when we do it
Morality as Inner Conviction
1. Emphasizes the value of
conscience.
2. Vatican II teaches that deep
within our conscience, we
discover a law that we had not
laid upon ourselves, but which
we must obey.
Conscience
• Greek - Self-consciousness in
its role of moral judgment
• Old Testament - Internal
voice of God (a call for the
fidelity to the covenant)
• New Testament – Jesus gives
emphasis to a. what lies in
the heart rather than to
external action; b. interior
disposition and c. the need
for purity of intention.
• Vatican II - “Conscience is the most
secret core and sanctuary of the human
person. There, people are alone with
God, whose voice echoes in their
depths.”
Conscience
•CCC – a judgment of reason – human
person recognizes the moral quality of a
concrete act s/he is going to perform, is
in the process of performing, or has
already performed.
•“Let your conscience be your guide” is
injected with a strong dose of
individualism
•Richard Gula – “the ability to make up
one’s mind for oneself about what
ought to be done.”
•Conscience is the whole
person’s commitment to values,
and the judgment that he or she
must take, in the light of that
commitment to apply those
values.”
•There is a need to educate
conscience because we are
subjected to negative influences
and are tempted to apply our
own judgment.
APPROACHES IN MORALITY
Morality as Personal Growth
1. This view focuses on us who are
doing the action. We question
what happens to us, as a result of
the action.
2. In moral tradition, this way of
seeing things is represented by
the ideas of virtue and vice.
3. Moral conversion that gives access
to the dynamics of challenge and
change, or of what it is like for us
to try to change for the better.
APPROACHES IN MORALITY

Morality as Love
1. In a morality of love, the other is as
important as the I.
2. It focuses on a loving relationship,
becoming alive to the fact, and being
responsive to the demands that it entails.
3. There is an implicit call to be kind and
courteous; to be fair and sympathetic and
the other responds in the same manner.
4. The outcome of being moral is
communion or togetherness. The
opposite, isolation or separation, is the
natural result of not being moral.
APPROACHES IN MORALITY

Morality as Social Transformation

1. Morality as relationship but goes
beyond to the larger world, the
society.
2. Tendency to transcends to live
within our small circles, without any
interest or concern for the moral
issues affecting society or the world.
3. “For if you love those who love you,
what reward do you have? Do not
even the tax collectors do the same?
APPROACHES IN MORALITY

Morality as Social Transformation

4. We allow ourselves to be
personally affected by the
suffering of the poor and
marginalized in the society.
5. We develop a sense of
solidarity with the victims in
society.
6. We respond!
ARRIVING AT A MORAL DECISION

New Concepts toward a more holistic way of moral decision

Context or circumstances –
• Becoming human involves a network of relationships. The context
of an act is necessary in making a moral decision.
• An important aspect of these relationships is the body of norms
that we receive as members of our community, society and the
Church.
New Concepts toward a more holistic way of moral decision

• We have to consider the circumstances which may influence our

decision-making (friendship, fidelity in marriage, care for human
environment, solidarity with the poor, etc.)

• which attempts to guide people in making decisions, has to

consider this context of complex human experiences and
relations of persons who try to remain on the journey towards
fuller humanity.
 • Do people share a common • People look at every moral case
perspective in morality/ethics? from particular—different and
Why or why not? even conflicting—ethical
perspectives

Experiences Social Culture

Status

PERSONAL STRUCTURAL

Politics
Education/
Profession
KNOWLEDGE Economics
INTEREST Religion
 MIDTERM
THREE SYSTEMS OF MORALITY

1.Deontological Model (the Greek • Motivation, Love,

deon means ‘duty’) Intention, etc. are
2.Teleological Model (the Greek what really matters
telos means ‘end’) – emphasizes in any moral
goals, consequences or ends. deliberation
3.Virtue-Oriented Morality (gives
richer account of the person)
 Models of Morality
Deontological Virtue Teleological
Act Agent Consequences

What does the law Person, context, etc. What is my goal? What
require? ends do I seek?
What is my duty?
• RELATIONAL-RESPONSIBILITY MODEL

• Three-Font Principle
1. The act-in-itself and its effects
2. The human person and his/her intentions
3. The context or circumstances