Year of Discovery Scientist Contribution

Dutch; developed the first compound microscope by combining 2

1590 Hans & Zacharias Janssen
lenses in a tube

English; discovered small, hollow compartments in a cork of an oak

1665 Robert Hooke
tree which he called cells

Dutch; observed tiny living organisms from rainwater, saliva, blood

1675 Anton van Leeuwenhoek
--- animalcules

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor German; suggested that plants were made up of cells, later became
1838-1839
Schwann known as the cell theory

1840 Jan Evangelista Purkinje Czech; named the cellular content ‘protoplasm’

German; proposed the theory of biogenesis (life can arise only

1858 Rudolf Virchow from preexisting life; cells can
arise only from preexisting cells)
CELL is described…
• as the basic structural and functional unit of life
– simplest entity capable of carrying out life’s processes
– can exist alone (unicellular) or as a complex organism
(multicellular)
• fundamental unit of all living organism
• composed primarily of CHON
• Obtain food/nutrients from the environment to
produce energy for metabolism and other activities
to grow and reproduce
METABOLISM- all chemical reactions that occur
within a cell
• It can respond to stimuli in its environment such as
light, heat, cold and presence of chemicals
• It can mutate as a result in the accidental changes in
DNA (carries the genetic make up of chromosomes)
• Cytology- deals with the study of structures and
functions of the cells
 MICROBES

Acellular Microbes Cellular Microbes

Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
*Algae
prions viruses *Archaea
*Fungi
*Bacteria
*Protozoa
Prokaryotic Cells
• First cell type on earth
• Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotic Cells
• No membrane bound nucleus
• Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
• Organelles not bound by membranes
Eukaryotic Cells

• Nucleus bound by membrane

• Include fungi, protists, plant,
and animal cells
• Possess many organelles
 PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC
• prokaryotic
– without true nucleus but a
NUCLEOID region
– genetic material is in DIRECT
contact with the surrounding
environment (cytoplasm)

• eukaryotic
– with true NUCLEUS
– genetic material is ISOLATED and
PROTECTED from the surrounding
environment (cytoplasm)
– with ORGANELLES
PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC

COMMON EUKARYOTIC
PROKARYOTIC (to both)

Plasma Membrane with NUCLEUS

with NUCLEOID
Cytoplasm WITH organelles
NO nucleus
DNA (genetic material)
NO organelles
Ribosomes
PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC

• despite their differences, prokaryotic and eukaryotic

cells have COMMONALITIES
– Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane
• structural barrier separating the cell from the outside
environment; with protective and regulatory functions
PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC
– Cytoplasm
• space in the cell where most
cellular activities take place ---
“factory area”
• contains an intracellular matrix
called cytosol where all other
cellular components are
suspended
• organelles --- membrane-bound
structures in in eukaryotic cells
• inclusions --- non-permanent and
inactive substances/materials in
the cell (i.e. fat globules, crystals)
 PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC
– DNA (genetic material)
• “blueprint” of an organism
• carries all the information necessary
for the growth, development and
survival of an organism

 Ribosomes
▪ small non-membrane
bound structures that
act as sites for
protein synthesis in
the cell
 EUKARYOTIC CELLS
ORGANELLES --- “little organs”
• membrane-bound structures
performing a specific function in
eukaryotic cells

• distribution of
work in the cell --- maximizes time
and space
ORGANELLES --- “little organs”
NUCLEUS
• structure
– double-membraned structure with
nuclear pores that connect the
nuclear components to the cytoplasm
– control center of the cell

• function
– directs RNA and protein synthesis
– stores the genetic information (DNA)
ORGANELLES --- “little organs”
NUCLEOLUS
• structure
– spherical organelle within the
nucleus

• function
– assembles ribosomes
– Directs synthesis of RNA
Nuclear Envelope

• Separates nucleus from rest of cell

• Double membrane

• Has pores
ORGANELLES --- “little organs”

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• structure
– network of internal membranes
(endomembrane system)
– divided into 2 regions:
• rough ER --- with ribosomes
• smooth ER --- w/out ribosomes

• function
 rough ER
– compartmentalizes the cell creating
a greater surface area for cellular  fxn: protein synthesis
processes to proceed
– serves in the transport of cellular  smooth ER
products via the formation of  fxn: lipid synthesis, regulates calcium
vesicles levels
ORGANELLES --- “little organs”
GOLGI BODIES
• structure
– stacks of flattened membranous sacs
called cisternae
– cis face --- accepts incoming transport
vesicles from the ER
– trans face --- releases secretory vesicles
containing the finished product

• function
– modifies and packages cellular products
ORGANELLES --- “little organs”
MITOCHONDRION
• structure
– hotdog-shaped structure with smooth
outer membrane, folded inner membrane
and many respiratory enzymes
– intermembrane space separates the outer
and inner membranes
– folds of the inner membrane are called
cristae
– matrix is the space within the inner
membrane

• function
– produces ATP (aerobic respiration)
ORGANELLES --- “little organs”
LYSOSOME
• structure
– small spherical bodies containing
digestive or
acidic hydrolytic enzymes

• function
– digests macromolecules, cellular
debris, old
organelles and foreign substances
ORGANELLES --- “little organs”
peroxisome
• structure
– small spherical bodies
containing oxidase enzymes

• function
– neutralizes toxic substances
– breaks down fatty acids
ORGANELLES --- “little organs”
VESICLES
• structure
– membrane-bound sacs

• function
– store and transport substances
ORGANELLES --- “little organs”
vacuole
• structure
– membrane-bound sacs
– in animals, many but small in size
– in plants, one big central vacuole

• function
– store water, enzymes, pigments,
waste products
ORGANELLES --- “little organs”
CHLOROPLAST
• structure
– double-membraned, green oval structure
with stacks of sac-like structures within
– thylakoid refers to the sac-like structure
containing pigments such as chlorophyll
and carotenoids
– thylakoids stack together to form a granum

• function
– facilitate food production in photosynthetic
organisms
• Photosynthesis is a process
used by plants and other
organisms to convert light
energy into chemical energy
that can later be released to
fuel the organisms' activities
(energy transformation)
Plastids 
• are major organelles found in the cells of plants
and algae.
• Plastids often contain pigments used
in photosynthesis and the types of pigments present
can change or determine the cell's color. 
OTHER CELL STRUCTURES
CYTOSKELETON
• structure
– network of protein filaments including
microfilaments, intermediate filaments,
microtubules
– cilia and flagella --- motility
– centriole --- anchor and assemble spindle fibers
in animal mitosis

• 3 functions
– provides structural support
– Anchors organelles
– Helps in the movement of substances
 Cilia & Flagella
• Provide motility
• Cilia
– Short
– Used to move substances
outside human cells
• Flagella
– Whip-like extensions
– Found on sperm cells
OTHER CELL STRUCTURES
Cell wall
• structure
– rigid structure in plants and
members of the kingdom fungi
made up of cellulose or chitin,
respectively

• function
– provides structural support to
the cell
BACTERIAL CELL WALL
(PROKARYOTE)
• Quite different than the
eukaryotic cell wall
• Contains peptidoglycan- also
known as murein, is a polymer
consisting of sugars and amino
acids that forms a mesh-like The structure of peptidoglycan.
layer outside the plasma NAG = N-acetylglucosamine (also
membrane of most bacteria, called GlcNAc or NAGA), NAM =
N-acetylmuramic acid (also called
forming the cell wall MurNAc or NAMA).
BACTERIAL CELL WALL
• Gram (+) bacteria-have a thick layer of peptidoglycan
• Gram (–) bacteria- have a thinner layer of
peptidoglycan but is covered with a complex layer of
lipid macromolecules usually referred to as outer
membrane
• Some bacteria lose their cell wall except cell wall-
deficient bacteria and bacteria in the genus
Mycoplasma
 OTHER STRUCTURES OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS

GLYCOCALYX
• Slimy, gelatinous substance produced by the cell
membrane and secreted outside the cell wall
• 2 TYPES:
Slime layer
 not highly organized and not firmly attached to the cell
wall.
 Enable certain bacteria to slide and glide along solid
surfaces
 Capsule
 highly organized and firmly attached to the cell wall
 antiphagocytic function- they protect encapsulated
bacteria from being phagocytized by wbc.
FLAGELLA
• peritrichous bacteria- bacteria possessing flagella in
their entire perimeter/surface
• Lophotrichous bacteria-bacteria with a tuft/cluster of
flagella at one end
• Amphitrichous bacteria- have one or more flagella
• Monotrichous bacteria- have a single polar flagellum

Flagellin- protein threads of bacterial flagella

PILI (FIMBRIAE)
• hair like structures most often observed on gram (-)
bacteria
• Composed of polymerized protein molecules called
PILIN
• Much thinner than flagella
• Have a rigid structure and not associated with
motility
2 TYPES OF PILI
1. NON SEX PILUS- merely enables bacteria to adhere or
attach to surfaces
2. SEX PILUS- enables transfer of genetic material (donor
cell) from one bacterial cell to another (recipient
cell)following attachment of the cells to each other
CONJUGATION- transfer of genetic material from the
donor cell to the recipient cell through the hollow sex
pilus
SPORES (ENDOSPORES)
• Enable bacteria to survive adverse conditions like
extreme temperatures, desiccation and lack of
nutrients
• SPORULATION- the process by which endospores are
formed
• GERMINATION-is the process by which an organism
grows. It is not the process of reproduction
• Cell reproduction is the process by which cells divide
to form new cells.
• TYPES:
 sexual and asexual
Mitosis
Meiosis
Binary fission 
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
– a form of reproduction where 2 cells fuse together
• ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
– is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise
from a single organism, and inherit the genes of
that parent only
– it does not involve the fusion of cells, and almost
never changes the number of chromosomes
– is the primary form of reproduction for single-
celled organisms such as archaea and bacteria,
some plants and fungi
CELL CYCLE
G1 PHASE
• the cell grows and stores
up energy that it will use
during cell division.  
• Nutrients are taken in
and all the usual cell
processes take place.  
• Once cells are fully
grown, they proceed on
to the S Phase.
S PHASE
• the DNA in the cell's
nucleus is copied
• the cell then attains two
copies of all the necessary
DNA for normal cell
activity, leaving a full set to
be transferred into the
new cell that will be
created after the cell
divides.
G2 PHASE
• the cell prepares for cell
division.  This phase
represents a time gap
between the time
when the cell copies its
DNA and when it
divides.  
M PHASE
• cell division takes
place through Mitosis.  
CYTOKINESIS
• the cytoplasm in the cell
divides
and the cell's membrane pi
nches inward and the cell
begins to divide.  
• After this step, the new cell
and sometimes the original
cell also restart the cell
cycle by beginning G1
Phase again.