MATHEMATICAL

LANGUAGE &
SYMBOLS
Mathematics as a Language:

 Science
 Business
 Economics
 Music
 Architecture
 Arts
 Politics, …
Mathematical Language: Symbols

 Some Mathematical Symbols:

Mathematical Language: Numbers

Cardinal – for quantifying things

Ordinal – for ordering things
Nominal – for identifying things
Mathematical Language:
Operations
Unary Operation – accepts only one
value or operand
Examples:
1) The plus or minus sign before a
number (+4, -4, +3, -3), accepts only
one value when doing arithmetic.
Mathematical Language:
Operations
Examples Unary Operation:
2) Trigonometric function, sinx
3) Factorial, n!
4) Radical Expression, √4
5) Single-variable function f(x)
Mathematical Language:
Operations

Binary Operation – can act on two

operands or take two values
Examples:
1) 2 + 4 = 6
2) 5 – 3 = 2
Mathematical Language:
Operations

Examples of Binary:
3) 3 x 4 = 12
4) 40/5 = 8
5) 42 = 16
Mathematical Language: Operations
(Addition/Multiplication) Properties

 Closure Property. The product and the

sum of any two real numbers is also a real
number.
 Examples:
 1) 2+3=5
 2) ¼ + 1 ½ = 7/4
Mathematical Language: Operations
(Addition/Multiplication) Properties

 Commutative Property. Addition and

multiplication of any two real numbers is
commutative.
 Examples:
 1) 1 + 5 = 5 + 1, a + b = b + a
 2) 2 x 3 = 3 x 2, a x b = b x a
Mathematical Language: Operations
(Addition/Multiplication) Properties

 Associative Property. Addition and

multiplication of any real numbers is
associative.
 Examples: (a x b) x c = a x (b x c)
 1) (4+2)+3 = 4+(2+3), 6 + 3 = 4 + 5, 9 = 9
 2) (4x2)x3 = 4x(2x3), 8 x 3 = 4 x 6, 24 = 24
Mathematical Language: Operations
(Addition/Multiplication) Properties

 Distributive Property. Distributive

property applies when multiplication is
performed on a group of two numbers added
or subtracted together.
 Examples:
 1) 3(2+4) = 6 + 12 = 18, 3(6) = 18
 2) 4(4-2) = 16 – 8 = 8, 4(2) = 8
Mathematical Language: Operations
(Addition/Multiplication) Properties

 IdentityElements. Identity is the

number that you add and multiply to any real
number and the result will be the same real
number.
 Examples:
 1) 13 + 0 = 13, a + 0 = a
 2) 13 x 1 = 13, a (1) = a
Mathematical Language: Operations
(Addition/Multiplication) Properties

 Inverse Property. A real number that you

add to any real number which will give you 0.
In multiplication, a real number to be
multiplied to any real number to give you 1.
 Examples:
 1) 2 + (-2) = 0, a + (-a) = 0
 2) 2(1/2) = 1, a (1/a) = 1
Expressions vs. Sentences

An expression is a name given to a mathematical object of

interest.
Examples:
1) 1+2
2) A function, f(x)
3) The set {1, 3, 5}
4) An ordered pair (a, b)
5) …
Expressions vs. Sentences

A mathematical sentence must state a

complete thought (Either true or false)
Examples:
2 + 3 = 5, 2 + 3 = 4
f(x) = x2 + 2x – 1
A = {1, 3, 5}
3<4, 6>3
Mathematical Sentences:
State if true or false.
 1.For any real number x, its square is greater than or equal to
zero.
 2. For any real numbers x and y, the square of their sum is equal
to the sum of their squares plus twice their product.(x + y)^2 =
X^2 + 2xy + y^2
 3. There exist integers m and n such that m minus n is less than
or equal to m plus n.
 4. For any rational numbers a and b, if their product is zero then
either a or b equals 0.
 5. Ten is greater than 9.
Mathematical Language: Sets
 A set is a collection of objects which are called elements.
 Ways on how to represent the elements of a set:
1) Roster method – listing down all elements of the set
Example 1. The set of counting numbers less than 6
Set Notation: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Example 2. The set of positive even integers greater than 8.
Set Notation: B = {10,12,14,…}
2) Set Builder Notation – presents the elements by stating their common
properties. It is useful when describing infinite sets.
Example 1. A = {x/x E N and x < 6} where N is the set of counting
numbers.
Mathematical Language:
Functions
 In notation, y = f(x), is a set also since
every first element in any ordered pair
(x,y) is assigned with exactly one element.
 Example 1. f (x) = x3, or y= x3
 If Domain, D = {-2, -1, 1, 2}, then
 Range, R = {-8, -1, 1, 8}
Thank you for joining the
class, Are there
questions?