FOOD OXIDATION AND QUALITY

DETERIORATION
 Oxidation of Foods

• Flavor Quality Consumer Acceptance

• Nutritional Quality Essential Fatty Acids
Essential Amino Acids Vitamins
• Health Risks Growth Retardation, Heart
Diseases, Carcinogens
KERUSAKAN FLAVOR PADA RANTAI
MAKANAN
Pemanenan bahan pangan
mentah/segar Reaksi oksidasi menuju
kerusakan flavor mulai disini
Penanganan pascapanen
sederhana

Penyimpanan jangka
Konsumsi segar
pendek dan distribusi

Proses pengolahan

Makanan jelas berbau

Pengemasan tengik atau apek (rancid)

Penyimpanan jangka panjang

dan distribusi

Penjualan di pengecer Konsumsi produk olahan

HYDROLITIC RANCIDITY
 Lipid Oxidation

Aging Nutraceutical
Micronutrient Deficiency and DNA Damage (Ames and Gold, 1998)
Micronutrient %US Population DNA Damage Health Effects
Chromosome Colon Cancer, Heart Disease
Folic acid 10%
breaks Brain dysfunction
(same as Folic acid)
Vitamin B12 4% (<half RDA) Uncharacterized
Neuronal damage
Vitamin B6 10% (<half RDA) Uncharacterized (same as Folic acid)
Radiation mimic Cataracts (4X)
Vitamin C 15% (<half RDA)
(DNA oxidation) Cancer
Colon cancer (2X), Heart
Radiation mimic
Vitamin E 20% (<half RDA) disease (1.5X), Immune
(DNA oxidation)
dysfunction
7% (<half RDA)
DNA breaks Brain and Immune dysfunction,
Iron (19% women 12-50
Radiation mimic Cancer
years of age)
Chromosome breaks Brain and Immune dysfunction,
Zinc 18% (<half RDA)
Radiation mimic Cancer
Disables DNA repair Neurological symptoms
Niacin 2% (<half RDA)
(polyADP ribose) Memory loss
OKSIDASI: SEBUAH PARADOX

• Oksigen di atmosfer (21%)

• Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) :
• Anion superoksida, hidrogen peroksida
• Radikal hidroksil, peroksil, alkil
• Reaksi oksidasi merusak :
• Protein, lemak, karbohidrat, dan DNA pada sel tubuh
• Jika tidak diperbaiki atau diatasi maka kerusakan bisa menjadi permanen
• Mengancam berfungsinya organ menjadi tidak optimal
RADIKAL BEBAS DAN SEL

MOLEKUL, ATAU
GRUP BEBERAPA
ATOM YANG
MEMILIKI
ELEKTRON YANG
TIDAK
BERPASANGAN
(UNPAIRED
ELECTRON)
• Ground-state oxygen has 2-unpaired electrons

: :
: :
. O:O .

• The unpaired electrons have parallel spins

• Oxygen molecule is minimally reactive

due to spin restrictions
 Basics of Redox Chemistry
Term Definition

Oxidation Gain in oxygen

Loss of hydrogen
Loss of electrons

ReductionLoss of oxygen
Gain of hydrogen
Gain of electrons

Oxidant Oxidizes another chemical by taking

electrons, hydrogen, or by adding oxygen

Reductant Reduces another chemical by supplying

electrons, hydrogen, or by removing oxygen
 Prooxidants
Free Radicals:
 Any species capable of independent
existence that contains one or more
unpaired electrons
 A molecule with an unpaired electron
in an outer valence shell
Non-Radicals:
 Species that have strong oxidizing
potential
 Species that favor the formation of
strong oxidants (e.g., transition
metals)
R3C. Carbon-centered
R3N. Nitrogen-centered
R-O. Oxygen-centered
R-S. Sulfur-centered
H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide
HOCl- Hypochlorous acid
O3 Ozone
O2
1
Singlet oxygen
ONOO- Peroxynitrite
Men+ Transition metals
 Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS)

Non-Radicals:
ONOO- Peroxynitrite
ROONO Alkyl peroxynitrites
N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide
Radicals:
N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide
NO. Nitric Oxide
HNO2 Nitrous acid
NO 2
.
Nitrogen dioxide
NO2+ Nitronium anion
NO- Nitroxyl anion
NO+ Nitrosyl cation
NO2Cl Nitryl chloride
SUMBER RADIKAL BEBAS
DARI LUAR
• Polutan
• Makanan & minuman
• Radiasi
• Ozon
• Pestisida
SUMBER RADIKAL BEBAS
DALAM BAHAN BIOLOGIS
• Superoxide dismutase
• Cytochrome-P450
• Xanthine oxidase
• Lipoxygenase
• Cyclo-oxygenase
• Electron transport
• Quinone
 Endogenous sources of ROS and RNS
Microsomal Oxidation,
Flavoproteins, CYP enzymes Myeloperoxidase
(phagocytes)
Xanthine Oxidase,
NOS isoforms Transition
Endoplasmic Reticulum
metals
Cytoplasm Lysosomes
Fe
Cu
Oxidases, Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Flavoproteins

Plasma Membrane Electron transport

Lipoxygenases,
Prostaglandin synthase
NADPH oxidase
 RADIKAL BEBAS DAN KERUSAKAN
SEL
• Protein (aktivitas enzim terganggu)
• Asam nukleat (kerusakan DNA, mutasi)
• Lipida (fluiditas membran terganggu)
• Sebagai akibatnya pertumbuhan dan perkembangan sel
menjadi tidak wajar bahkan bisa menyebabkan kematian sel
• Pada bahan makanan reaksi radikal bebas bisa menimbulkan:
kerusakan flavor, warna, nutrien dan tekstur
• Asupan makanan/minuman yang banyak mengandung radikal
bebas secara kronis dapat menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan
 Free Radicals/Reactive Intermediates

Lipids Proteins DNA

Oxidation of Thiol oxidation DNA damage
vitamin E Carbonyl formation

Altered gene
Lipid peroxidation Damage to Ca2+ and expression
other ion transport
systems
Membrane damage

Disruption of normal
Depletion of ATP
ion gradients
and NAD(P)H

Activation/deactivation
of various enzyme systems
Cell Injury
Adapted from: Kehrer JP, 1993
 EFFECT OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES ON
DEGENERATIVE DISEASES

Gastro intestinal Eye Skin Heart

• Hepatitis • Cataractogenesis • Dermatitis • Heart attack
• Liver injury • Retinal damage • Age pigment

Teeth Joints
• Periodontis Reactive Oxygen Species • Arthritis

Vessels Multiorgan failure Brain Lung

• Atherosclerosis • Cancer • Trauma • Asthma
• Vasospasms • Stroke • Hyperoxia
ARTERY COMPARISONS
Aterosklerosis
 Oxidative Stress

Antioxidants

Prooxidants

“An imbalance favoring prooxidants and/or disfavoring

antioxidants, potentially leading to damage” -H. Sies
TERIMA KASIH