THE GAS LAWS AND THEIR

EXPERIMENTAL
FOUNDATIONS
CHEMISTRY 10
1
GAS LAWS VARIABLES
The behavior of a gas can be described
reasonably well by simple quantitative
relationships called gas laws.
The physical behavior of a sample of gas can be
described completely by four variables: pressure
(P), volume (V), temperature (T), and amount
(number of moles, n).
The variables are interdependent: any one of them
can be determined by measuring the other three.
2
GAS LAWS VARIABLES
Three key relationships exist among the four
gas variables—Boyle’s, Charles’s, and
Avogadro’s laws. Each of these gas laws
expresses the effect of one variable on
another, with the remaining two variables
held constant.
Because gas volume is so easy to measure, the
laws are expressed as the effect on gas volume of
a change in the pressure, temperature, or amount
of gas.
3
GAS LAWS VARIABLES
These three laws are special cases of an all
encompassing relationship among gas
variables called the ideal gas law. This
unifying observation quantitatively describes
the state of a so-called ideal gas.

Although no ideal gas actually exists, most

simple gases, such as N2, O2, H2, and the noble
gases, show nearly ideal behavior at ordinary
temperatures and pressures.
4
BOYLE ’S
LAW
The Relationship Between Volume and Pressure

5
BOYLE’S LAW
Of the several relationships that exist among
gas law variables, the first to be discovered
relates gas pressure to gas volume. It was
formulated over 300 years ago, in 1662, by
the British chemist and physicist Robert
Boyle.

Boyle’s law states that the volume of a fixed

amount of a gas is inversely proportional to
the pressure (external) applied to the gas if
the temperature is kept constant.

6
BOYLE’S LAW
When a change in one property causes a
change in another property, the properties
are related. If the changes occur in
opposite directions, the properties have an
inverse relationship.

If the volume or pressure of a gas sample

changes without any change in the
temperature or in the amount of the gas,
the new pressure and volume will give the
same PV product as the initial pressure
and volume.
7
BOYLE’S LAW
This relationship can also be expressed as

Since volume and pressure of the gas can be varied, let P1 and V1 be the
initial pressure and volume respectively and P2 and V2 be the final
pressure and volume respectively. According to Boyle’s Law, PV= k
therefore:
V1P1 = k
V2P2 = k
then V P = V P 8
BOYLE’S LAW
The mathematical equation for Boyle’s law is

where P1 and V1 are the pressure and volume of a gas at an

initial set of conditions, and P2 and V2 are the pressure and
volume of the same sample of gas under a new set of
conditions, with the temperature and amount of gas
remaining constant.
9
BOYLE’S LAW
Boyle fashioned a J-
shaped glass tube,
sealed the shorter
end, and poured
mercury into the
longer end, thereby
trapping some air,
the gas in the
experiment.

10
BOYLE’S LAW

The product of corresponding P and V

values is a constant.

11
BOYLE’S LAW

V is inversely proportional to P 12
BOYLE’S LAW
V is directly
proportional to
1/P and
generates a
linear plot of V
against
1/P.

13
BOYLE’S LAW

14
BOYLE’S LAW
1
A sample of O2 gas occupies a volume of 1.50 L at a pressure of
735 mmHg and a temperature of 25ºC. What volume will it
occupy, in liters, if the pressure is increased to 770 mmHg with no
change in temperature?

Given: V1 = 1.50 L
P1 = 735 mm Hg
P2 = 770 mm Hg

unknown: V2 = ? L
15
BOYLE’S LAW
1
A sample of O2 gas occupies a volume of 1.50 L at a pressure of
735 mmHg and a temperature of 25ºC. What volume will it
occupy, in liters, if the pressure is increased to 770 mmHg with no
change in temperature?

16
BOYLE’S LAW
2
A sample of hydrogen gas has a volume of 5.0 L and a pressure of
1.0 atm. What is the new pressure, in atmospheres, if its volume
decreases to 2.0 L with no change in temperature or amount of
gas?

Given: P1 = 1.0 atm

V1 = 5.0 L
V2 = 2.0 L

unknown: P2 = ? atm
17
BOYLE’S LAW
2
A sample of hydrogen gas has a volume of 5.0 L and a pressure of
1.0 atm. What is the new pressure, in atmospheres, if its volume
decreases to 2.0 L with no change in temperature or amount of
gas?

18
BOYLE’S LAW
3
A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 150.0 mL when its
pressure is 0.947 atm. What will the volume of the gas be at a
pressure of 0.987 atm if the temperature remains constant?

Given: P1 = 0.947 atm

P2 = 0.987 atm
V1 = 150.0 mL

unknown: V2 = ? mL
19
BOYLE’S LAW
3
A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 150.0 mL when its
pressure is 0.947 atm. What will the volume of the gas be at a
pressure of 0.987 atm if the temperature remains constant?

20
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Yellow Blue Red
Is the color of gold, Is the colour of the clear Is the color of blood,
butter and ripe lemons. sky and the deep sea. It and because of this it has
In the spectrum of is located between violet historically been
visible light, yellow is and green on the optical associated with sacrifice,
found between green spectrum. danger and courage.
and orange.

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, Is the colour of the clear Is the color of blood,
butter and ripe lemons. sky and the deep sea. It and because of this it has
In the spectrum of is located between violet historically been
visible light, yellow is and green on the optical associated with sacrifice,
found between green spectrum. danger and courage.
and orange.

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