Stoichiometry

Additional
Examples
 Stoichiometry Flow Chart

mL soln A mL soln B
(M/1000) \ Y moles B / (1000/M)
\ --------------- /
1/MM A \ X moles A / MM B
g A ---------------> mol A -----------------> mol B ---------------> g B
/ \
(P/1000RT) / (1000RT/P) \
/ \
mL A gas mL B gas

where M => molarity of solution

MM => molar mass
P => pressure of gas
R => gas constant
T => temperature of gas
 EXAMPLE
What mass of H2, in grams, will react with 3.3
mol O2 to produce water?
 EXAMPLE
What mass of H2, in grams, will react with 3.3
mol O2 to produce water?
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
 EXAMPLE
What mass of H2, in grams, will react with 3.3
mol O2 to produce water?
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
(3.3 mol O2)
#g H2 = --------------------------------------------
 EXAMPLE
What mass of H2, in grams, will react with 3.3
mol O2 to produce water?
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
(3.3 mol O2)
#g H2 = --------------------------------------------
(1 mol O2)
 EXAMPLE
What mass of H2, in grams, will react with 3.3
mol O2 to produce water?
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
(3.3 mol O2) (2 mol H2)
#g H2 = --------------------------------------------
(1 mol O2)
 EXAMPLE
What mass of H2, in grams, will react with 3.3
mol O2 to produce water?
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
(3.3 mol O2) (2 mol H2) (2.0 g H2)
#g H2 = --------------------------------------------
(1 mol O2) (1 mol H2)
the molar mass of H2
 EXAMPLE
What mass of H2, in grams, will react with 3.3
mol O2 to produce water?
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
(3.3 mol O2) (2 mol H2) (2.0 g H2)
#g H2 = --------------------------------------------
(1 mol O2) (1 mol H2)
= 13 g H2
 EXAMPLE
What mass of H2, in grams, must react with
excess O2 to produce 5.40 g H2O?
 EXAMPLE
What mass of H2, in grams, must react with
excess O2 to produce 5.40 g H2O?
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
 EXAMPLE
What mass of H2, in grams, must react with
excess O2 to produce 5.40 g H2O?
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
(5.40 g H2O)
#g H2 = --------------------
 EXAMPLE
What mass of H2, in grams, must react with
excess O2 to produce 5.40 g H2O?
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
(5.40 g H2O) (1 mol H2O)
#g H2 = ---------------------------------------------
(18.0 g H2O)
molar mass of H2O
 EXAMPLE
What mass of H2, in grams, must react with
excess O2 to produce 5.40 g H2O?
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
(5.40 g H2O) (1 mol H2O) (2 mol H2)
#g H2 = ---------------------------------------------
(18.0 g H2O)
 EXAMPLE
What mass of H2, in grams, must react with
excess O2 to produce 5.40 g H2O?
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
(5.40 g H2O) (1 mol H2O) (2 mol H2)
#g H2 = ---------------------------------------------
(18.0 g H2O) (2 mol H2O)
 EXAMPLE
What mass of H2, in grams, must react with
excess O2 to produce 5.40 g H2O?
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
(5.40 g H2O) (1 mol H2O) (2 mol H2) (2.02 g H2)
#g H2 = ---------------------------------------------------------------
(18.0 g H2O) (2 mol H2O) (1 mol H2)
molar mass H2
 EXAMPLE
What mass of H2, in grams, must react with
excess O2 to produce 5.40 g H2O?
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
(5.40 g H2O) (1 mol H2O) (2 mol H2) (2.02 g H2)
#g H2 = ---------------------------------------------------------------
(18.0 g H2O) (2 mol H2O) (1 mol H2)

= 0.606 g H2
 EXAMPLE

Calculate the weight of oxygen produced

during the thermal decomposition of 100. g
of potassium chlorate.
 EXAMPLE

Calculate the weight of oxygen produced

during the thermal decomposition of 100. g
of potassium chlorate.

potassium chlorate -----> oxygen + ?

 EXAMPLE

Calculate the weight of oxygen produced

during the thermal decomposition of 100. g
of potassium chlorate.
potassium chlorate -----> oxygen + ?
KClO3 -----> O2 + ?
 EXAMPLE

Calculate the weight of oxygen produced

during the thermal decomposition of 100. g
of potassium chlorate.
potassium chlorate -----> oxygen + ?
KClO3 -----> O2 + ?
? => KCl
KClO3 -----> O2 + KCl
 EXAMPLE

Calculate the weight of oxygen produced during

the thermal decomposition of 100. g of
potassium chlorate.
potassium chlorate -----> oxygen + ?
KClO3 -----> O2 + ?
? => KCl
KClO3 -----> O2 + KCl
2 KClO3 -----> 3 O2 + 2 KCl
 EXAMPLE

Calculate the weight of oxygen produced

during the thermal decomposition of 100. g
of potassium chlorate.
2 KClO3 -----> 3 O2 + 2 KCl
(100. g KClO3) (1 mol KClO3) (3 moles O2) (32.0 g O2)
#g O2 =
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(122.6 g KClO3) (2 moles KClO3) (1 mol O2)
 EXAMPLE

Calculate the weight of oxygen produced

during the thermal decomposition of 100. g
of potassium chlorate.
2 KClO3 -----> 3 O2 + 2 KCl
(100. g KClO3) (1 mol KClO3) (3 moles O2) (32.0 g O2)
#g O2 =
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(122.6 g KClO3) (2 moles KClO3) (1 mol O2)
molar mass
 EXAMPLE

Calculate the weight of oxygen produced

during the thermal decomposition of 100. g
of potassium chlorate.
2 KClO3 -----> 3 O2 + 2 KCl
(100. g KClO3) (1 mol KClO3) (3 moles O2) (32.0 g O2)
#g O2 =
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(122.6 g KClO3) (2 moles KClO3) (1 mol O2)
molar mass
 EXAMPLE

Calculate the weight of oxygen produced

during the thermal decomposition of 100. g
of potassium chlorate.
2 KClO3 -----> 3 O2 + 2 KCl
(100. g KClO3) (1 mol KClO3) (3 moles O2) (32.0 g O2)
#g O2 =
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(122.6 g KClO3) (2 moles KClO3) (1 mol O2)
molar mass molar mass
 EXAMPLE

Calculate the weight of oxygen produced

during the thermal decomposition of 100. g
of potassium chlorate.
2 KClO3 -----> 3 O2 + 2 KCl
(100. g KClO3) (1 mol KClO3) (3 moles O2) (32.0 g O2)
#g O2 = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(122.6 g KClO3) (2 moles KClO3) (1 mol O2)
molar mass molar mass
= 39.2 g O2
 EXAMPLE
Ammonia, NH3, is prepared by the Haber
process by the reaction of nitrogen gas with
hydrogen gas. How many moles of
hydrogen are needed to produce 3.0 kg of
NH3?
 EXAMPLE
Ammonia, NH3, is prepared by the Haber
process by the reaction of nitrogen gas with
hydrogen gas. How many moles of
hydrogen are needed to produce 3.0 kg of
NH3?
nitrogen + hydrogen -----> ammonia
 EXAMPLE
Ammonia, NH3, is prepared by the Haber
process by the reaction of nitrogen gas with
hydrogen gas. How many moles of
hydrogen are needed to produce 3.0 kg of
NH3?
nitrogen + hydrogen -----> ammonia
N2 + H2 -----> NH3
 EXAMPLE
Ammonia, NH3, is prepared by the Haber process
by the reaction of nitrogen gas with hydrogen
gas. How many moles of hydrogen are needed
to produce 3.0 kg of NH3?
nitrogen + hydrogen -----> ammonia
N2 + H2 -----> NH3
N2 + 3 H2 -----> 2 NH3
 EXAMPLE
Ammonia, NH3, is prepared by the Haber
process by the reaction of nitrogen gas with
hydrogen gas. How many moles of
hydrogen are needed to produce 3.0 kg of
NH3?
N2 + 3 H2 -----> 2 NH3
(3.0 kg NH3)
#mol H2 = -----------------
 EXAMPLE
Ammonia, NH3, is prepared by the Haber
process by the reaction of nitrogen gas with
hydrogen gas. How many moles of hydrogen
are needed to produce 3.0 kg of NH3?
N2 + 3 H2 -----> 2 NH3
(3.0 kg NH3) (1000 g)
#mol H2 = ------------------------------
(1 kg)
 EXAMPLE
Ammonia, NH3, is prepared by the Haber
process by the reaction of nitrogen gas with
hydrogen gas. How many moles of hydrogen
are needed to produce 3.0 kg of NH3?
N2 + 3 H2 -----> 2 NH3
(3.0 kg NH3) (1000 g) (1 mol NH3)
#mol H2 = --------------------------------------------
(1 kg) (17.0 g NH3)
 EXAMPLE
Ammonia, NH3, is prepared by the Haber process by
the reaction of nitrogen gas with hydrogen gas.
How many moles of hydrogen are needed to
produce 3.0 kg of NH3?
N2 + 3 H2 -----> 2 NH3
(3.0 kg NH3) (1000 g) (1 mol NH3) (3 mol H2)
#mol H2 = -------------------------------------------------------------
(1 kg) (17.0 g NH3) (2 mol NH3)
 EXAMPLE
Ammonia, NH3, is prepared by the Haber process by
the reaction of nitrogen gas with hydrogen gas. How
many moles of hydrogen are needed to produce 3.0
kg of NH3?
N2 + 3 H2 -----> 2 NH3
(3.0 kg NH3) (1000 g) (1 mol NH3) (3 mol H2)
#mol H2 = -------------------------------------------------------------
(1 kg) (17.0 g NH3) (2 mol NH3)
= 2.6 X 102 mol H2
 EXAMPLE
The first step in obtaining elemental zinc from
its sulfide ore involves heating it in air to
obtain the oxide of zinc and sulfur dioxide.
Calculate the mass of O2 required to react
with 7.00 g of zinc sulfide. How much
sulfur dioxide is produced?
 EXAMPLE
The first step in obtaining elemental zinc from
its sulfide ore involves heating it in air to
obtain the oxide of zinc and sulfur dioxide.
Calculate the mass of O2 required to react
with 7.00 g of zinc sulfide. How much
sulfur dioxide is produced?
zinc sulfide + oxygen -----> zinc oxide + sulfur dioxide
 EXAMPLE
The first step in obtaining elemental zinc from
its sulfide ore involves heating it in air to
obtain the oxide of zinc and sulfur dioxide.
Calculate the mass of O2 required to react
with 7.00 g of zinc sulfide. How much
sulfur dioxide is produced?
zinc sulfide + oxygen -----> zinc oxide + sulfur dioxide
ZnS + O2 -----> ZnO + SO2
EXAMPLE The first step in obtaining
elemental zinc from its sulfide ore involves
heating it in air to obtain the oxide of zinc and
sulfur dioxide.
Calculate the mass of O2 required to react with 7.00 g of
zinc sulfide. How much sulfur dioxide is produced?
zinc sulfide + oxygen -----> zinc oxide + sulfur
dioxide
ZnS + O2 -----> ZnO + SO2
2 ZnS + 3 O2 -----> 2 ZnO + 2 SO2
EXAMPLE The first step in obtaining
elemental zinc from its sulfide ore involves
heating it in air to obtain the oxide of zinc and
sulfur dioxide.

Calculate the mass of O2 required to react

with 7.00 g of zinc sulfide. How much
sulfur dioxide is produced?
2 ZnS + 3 O2 -----> 2 ZnO + 2 SO2
(7.00 g ZnS) (1 mol ZnS) (3 mol O2) (32.0 g O2)
#g O2 = ----------------------------------------------------------------
(97.44 g ZnS) (2 mol ZnS) (1 mol O2)
EXAMPLE The first step in obtaining
elemental zinc from its sulfide ore involves
heating it in air to obtain the oxide of zinc and
sulfur dioxide.
Calculate the mass of O2 required to react with 7.00
g of zinc sulfide. How much sulfur dioxide is
produced?
2 ZnS + 3 O2 -----> 2 ZnO + 2 SO2
(7.00 g ZnS) (1 mol ZnS) (3 mol O 2) (32.0 g O2)
#g O2 = ----------------------------------------------------------------
(97.44 g ZnS) (2 mol ZnS) (1 mol O 2)
= 3.45 g O2
EXAMPLE The first step in obtaining
elemental zinc from its sulfide ore involves
heating it in air to obtain the oxide of zinc and
sulfur dioxide.

Calculate the mass of O2 required to react with

7.00 g of zinc sulfide. How much sulfur
dioxide is produced?
2 ZnS + 3 O2 -----> 2 ZnO + 2 SO2
(7.00 g ZnS) (1 mol ZnS)(2 mol SO2) (64.06 g SO2)
#gSO2 = ---------------------------------------------------------------
(97.44 g ZnS) (2 mol ZnS) (1 mol SO2)
EXAMPLE The first step in obtaining
elemental zinc from its sulfide ore involves
heating it in air to obtain the oxide of zinc and
sulfur dioxide.
Calculate the mass of O2 required to react with
7.00 g of zinc sulfide. How much sulfur dioxide
is produced?
2 ZnS + 3 O2 -----> 2 ZnO + 2 SO2
(7.00 g ZnS) (1 mol ZnS)(2 mol SO2) (64.06 g SO2)
#gSO2 = ---------------------------------------------------------------
(97.44 g ZnS) (2 mol ZnS) (1 mol SO2)
= 4.60 g SO2
EXAMPLE The first step in obtaining
elemental zinc from its sulfide ore involves
heating it in air to obtain the oxide of zinc and
sulfur dioxide.

Calculate the mass of O2 required to react

with 7.00 g of zinc sulfide. How much
sulfur dioxide is produced?
#g O2 = 3.45 g O2
#gSO2 = 4.60 g SO2
 EXAMPLE
Zinc and sulfur react to form zinc sulfide, a
substance used in phosphors that coat the
inner surfaces of TV picture tubes. The
equation for the reaction is
Zn + S -----> ZnS In a particular
experiment 12.0 g of Zn are mixed with
6.50 g S and allowed to react.
 EXAMPLE In a particular experiment
12.0 g of Zn are mixed with 6.50 g S and
allowed to react.
Zn + S -----> ZnS
(a) Which is the limiting reactant? (b) How
many grams of ZnS can be formed from
this particular reaction mixture? (c) How
many grams of which element will remain
unreacted in this experiment?
EXAMPLE In a particular experiment
12.0 g of Zn are mixed with 6.50 g S and
allowed to react.
Zn + S -----> ZnS
(a) The limiting reactant? (b) #grams of ZnS?
if use all 12.0 g Zn
(12.0 g Zn) (1 mol Zn) (1 mol ZnS) (97.5 g ZnS)
#g ZnS = --------------------------------------------------------------
(65.38 g Zn) (1 mol Zn) (1 mol ZnS)
EXAMPLE In a particular experiment
12.0 g of Zn are mixed with 6.50 g S and
allowed to react.
Zn + S -----> ZnS
(a) The limiting reactant? (b) #grams of ZnS?
if use all 12.0 g Zn
(12.0 g Zn) (1 mol Zn) (1 mol ZnS) (97.5 g ZnS)
#g ZnS = --------------------------------------------------------------
(65.38 g Zn) (1 mol Zn) (1 mol ZnS)
= 17.9 g ZnS
EXAMPLE In a particular experiment
12.0 g of Zn are mixed with 6.50 g S and
allowed to react.
Zn + S -----> ZnS
(a) The limiting reactant? (b) #grams of ZnS?
if use all 12.0 g Zn #g ZnS = 17.9 g ZnS
if use all 6.50 g S
(6.50 g S) (1 mol S) (1 mol ZnS) (97.5 g ZnS)
#g ZnS = -----------------------------------------------------------
(32.06 gS ) (1 mol S) (1 mol ZnS)
EXAMPLE In a particular experiment
12.0 g of Zn are mixed with 6.50 g S and
allowed to react.
Zn + S -----> ZnS
(a) The limiting reactant? (b) #grams of ZnS?
if use all 12.0 g Zn #g ZnS = 17.9 g ZnS
if use all 6.50 g S
(6.50 g S) (1 mol S) (1 mol ZnS) (97.5 g ZnS)
#g ZnS = -----------------------------------------------------------
(32.06 gS ) (1 mol S) (1 mol ZnS)
= 19.8 g ZnS
EXAMPLE In a particular experiment
12.0 g of Zn are mixed with 6.50 g S and
allowed to react.
Zn + S -----> ZnS
(a) The limiting reactant? (b) #grams of ZnS?
if use all 12.0 g Zn #g ZnS = 17.9 g ZnS
if use all 6.50 g S #g ZnS = 19.8 g ZnS
Therefore, Zn is the limiting reactant and
17.9 g ZnS can be produced.
EXAMPLE In a particular experiment
12.0 g of Zn are mixed with 6.50 g S and
allowed to react.
Zn + S -----> ZnS
(a) The limiting reactant? (b) #grams of ZnS?
if use all 12.0 g Zn #g ZnS = 17.9 g ZnS
if use all 6.50 g S #g ZnS = 19.8 g ZnS
Therefore, Zn is the limiting reactant and 17.8 g ZnS can be
produced.
(c) How many grams of which element will
remain unreacted in this experiment?
if use all 12.0 g Zn
EXAMPLE In a particular experiment
12.0 g of Zn are mixed with 6.50 g S and
allowed to react. Zn + S -----> ZnS
(a) The limiting reactant? (b) #grams of ZnS?
if use all 12.0 g Zn #g ZnS = 17.9 g ZnS
if use all 6.50 g S #g ZnS = 19.8 g ZnS
Therefore, Zn is the limiting reactant and 17.8 g ZnS can
be produced.
(c) if use all 12.0 g Zn
(12.0 g Zn) (1 mol Zn) (1 mol S) (32.06 g S)
#g S = --------------------------------------------------------
(65.38 g Zn) (1 mol Zn) (1 mol S)
EXAMPLE In a particular experiment
12.0 g of Zn are mixed with 6.50 g S and
allowed to react. Zn + S -----> ZnS
(a) The limiting reactant? (b) #grams of ZnS?
if use all 12.0 g Zn #g ZnS = 17.9 g ZnS
if use all 6.50 g S #g ZnS = 19.8 g ZnS
Therefore, Zn is the limiting reactant and 17.8 g ZnS can be
produced.
(c) if use all 12.0 g Zn
(12.0 g Zn) (1 mol Zn) (1 mol S) (32.06 g S)
#g S = --------------------------------------------------------
(65.38 g Zn) (1 mol Zn) (1 mol S)
= 5.88 g S reacted
EXAMPLE In a particular experiment
12.0 g of Zn are mixed with 6.50 g S and
allowed to react. Zn + S -----> ZnS
(a) The limiting reactant? (b) #grams of ZnS?
if use all 12.0 g Zn #g ZnS = 17.9 g ZnS
if use all 6.50 g S #g ZnS = 19.8 g ZnS
Therefore, Zn is the limiting reactant and 17.8 g ZnS can be
produced.

(c) if use all 12.0 g Zn #g S = 5.88 g S reacted

Therefore, (6.50 - 5.88)g = 0.61 g S remain
unreacted.
EXAMPLE: What is the percent composition
of chloroform, CHCl3, a substance once used
as an anesthetic?
EXAMPLE: What is the percent composition
of chloroform, CHCl3, a substance once used
as an anesthetic?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 1(gaw)H + 3(gaw)Cl
EXAMPLE: What is the percent composition
of chloroform, CHCl3, a substance once used
as an anesthetic?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 1(gaw)H + 3(gaw)Cl
= (12.011 + 1.00797 + 3*35.453)amu
EXAMPLE: What is the percent composition
of chloroform, CHCl3, a substance once used
as an anesthetic?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 1(gaw)H + 3(gaw)Cl
= (12.011 + 1.00797 + 3*35.453)amu
= 119.377amu
EXAMPLE: What is the percent composition
of chloroform, CHCl3, a substance once used
as an anesthetic?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 1(gaw)H + 3(gaw)Cl
= (12.011 + 1.00797 + 3*35.453)amu
= 119.377amu
1(gaw)
%C = ------------ X 100
MM
EXAMPLE: What is the percent composition
of chloroform, CHCl3, a substance once used
as an anesthetic?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 1(gaw)H + 3(gaw)Cl
= (12.011 + 1.00797 + 3*35.453)amu
= 119.377amu
1(gaw)
%C = ------------ X 100
MM
1(12.011)
%C = -------------- X 100 = 10.061% C
119.377
EXAMPLE: What is the percent composition
of chloroform, CHCl3, a substance once used
as an anesthetic?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 1(gaw)H + 3(gaw)Cl
= (12.011 + 1.00797 + 3*35.453)amu
= 119.377amu
1(1.00797)
%H = ---------------- X 100 = 0.844359% H
119.377
EXAMPLE: What is the percent composition
of chloroform, CHCl3, a substance once used
as an anesthetic?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 1(gaw)H + 3(gaw)Cl
= (12.011 + 1.00797 + 3*35.453)amu
= 119.377amu
3(35.453)
%Cl = -------------- X 100 = 89.095% Cl
119.377
EXAMPLE: What is the percent composition
of chloroform, CHCl3, a substance once used
as an anesthetic?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 1(gaw)H + 3(gaw)Cl
= 119.377amu
%C = 10.061% C

%H = 0.844359% H

%Cl = 89.095% Cl