Genetic materials in organisms

by-
Anant kumar Sinha
Pranto ray
Palak singh
Margubur rahaman
Of class Xi b 2020-21
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher, Mrs.
Sujata Debnath as well as our principal, Mrs. Suman Dovel who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic ‘Genetic
materials in organisms’, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research
and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to
them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me
a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
 Contents
.Art Integration
.DNA
.Composition of a DNA
.RNA
.Composition of a RNA
.Genes
.Composition of a Gene
.Chromosome
.Composition of a chromosome
Anant Kumar Sinha

Structure of dna
And rna
Made by hand
embroidery on
handkerchief
Palak Singh

Structure of dna
With art and craft
Pranto ray

Structure of
Chromosome
Made with
Threads and
Bindis in centre
Margubur rahaman

Structure of rna made with

Hand embroidery
 DNA
.Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule composed of
two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to
form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the
development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all
known organisms and many viruses.
.DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids.
Alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates
(polysaccharides), nucleic acids are one of the four major
types of macromolecules that are essential for all known
forms of life.
Structure of a
dna
 Composition of DNA
.DNA is made of chemical building blocks called nucleotides. These building
blocks are made of three parts: a phosphate group, a sugar group and one
of four types of nitrogen bases. To form a strand of DNA, nucleotides are
linked into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups alternating.
.we now know that DNA is in fact composed of a series of nucleotides and
that each nucleotide has three components: a phosphate group; either a
ribose (in the case of RNA) or a deoxyribose (in the case of DNA) sugar; and
a single nitrogen-containing base.
.We also know that there are two basic categories of nitrogenous bases: the
purines (adenine [A] and guanine [G]), each with two fused rings, and the
pyrimidines (cytosine [C], thymine [T], and uracil [U]), each with a single
ring.
 Chromosomes
.A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic
material of an organism. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging
proteins called histones which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to
and condense the DNA molecule to maintain its integrity.
.Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the
metaphase of cell division, Before this happens, each chromosome is
duplicated, and both copies are joined by a centromere, resulting either in an X-
shaped structure, if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm
structure, if the centromere is located distally. The joined copies are now called
sister chromatids.
.During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome,
which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. In animal
cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during
chromosome segregation.
 Structure of
a Chromosome
 Composition of a chromosome
Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around
proteins called histones that support its structure.
Each chromosome has a constriction point called the centromere, which
divides the chromosome into two sections, or “arms.” The short arm of the
chromosome is labeled the “p arm.” The long arm of the chromosome is
labeled the “q arm.” The location of the centromere on each chromosome
gives the chromosome its characteristic shape, and can be used to help
describe the location of specific genes.
composition of
A chromosome
 RNa
.Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various
biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA
and DNA are nucleic acids. Along with lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates,
nucleic acids constitute one of the four major macromolecules essential for
all known forms of life.
.Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA, RNA
is found in nature as a single strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired
double strand. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey
genetic information (using the nitrogenous bases of guanine, uracil, adenine,
and cytosine, denoted by the letters G, U, A, and C) that directs synthesis of
specific proteins. Many viruses encode their genetic information using an
RNA genome.
Structure of
a rna
 Composition of rna
Synthesis of RNA is usually catalyzed by an enzyme—RNA polymerase—using
DNA as a template, a process known as transcription. Initiation of
transcription begins with the binding of the enzyme to a promoter sequence
in the DNA (usually found "upstream" of a gene). The DNA double helix is
unwound by the helicase activity of the enzyme. The enzyme then progresses
along the template strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction, synthesizing a
complementary RNA molecule with elongation occurring in the 5’ to 3’
direction. The DNA sequence also dictates where termination of RNA
synthesis will occur.
Comparison Of the structures
Of dna and rna
Side by side
 Genes
.A gene is a sequence of the synthesis of a gene product, either RNA
or protein.
.During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be
directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that
performs a function.
.The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the
inheritance of phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA
sequences called genotypes.
.Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different
genes) as well as gene–environment interactions.
.Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye color or the number of
limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, the risk for specific diseases, or
the thousands of basic biochemical processes that constitute life.
Structure of
a Gene
 Composition of a gene
.The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the
actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include
DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the
RNA.
.Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream
or downstream of the open reading frame that alter expression. These act
by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that
the regulatory sequence become close to the RNA polymerase binding
site. .For example, enhancers increase transcription by binding an activator
protein which then helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter;
conversely silencers bind repressor proteins and make the DNA less
available for RNA polymerase.
Structure of
a Gene
Thank you

With regards from-

Anant kumar Sinha
Pranto ray
Margubur rahaman
Palak singh