STATE OF MATTERS

By lin Wai Yan, Sad Naing Pyae Sohn, May Pan Chi and Some Rickrolls
Particle theory
USING PARTICLE THEORY
Scientist use the idea the all matters is made of particles to
explain the properties of solid, liquid and gases

Solid particle
The particle in solid are arranged in regular rows with
the particles touching each other.
The particle in solid are held firmly in place by fore of attraction. The
particles can only vibrate-they cannot move or change places.

Liquid particle
The particle in solid are arranged with particles touching
each other but not in pattern rows.
The particles in liquid held together by weaker forces of attraction.
The particles can move past each other.

Gas particle
The particles in gas do not touch each other.
The particles in gas can move freely.
CHANGING STATE

melting boiling

freezing condensing

Exist as solid, liquid or gas. Particle theory can explain changes of state from solid to liquid, liquid to gas,
liquid to solid or gas to liquid.

For example, when a solid is heated, particle vibrate more, because of some energy transferred to the particles.
The particles may have enough energy to escape the strong forces holding them together in their places. The
particles can move past each other.
Diffusion
EXPLAINING DIFFUSION
If you very carefully put a drop of food dye into a
glass of water, you can see dye very slowly spread
out. Eventually the dye spreads throughout the
water.

You can explain this by using particle

theory. particles in the food dye and in the
water, free to move, the particles of food
dye and water move randomly, bumping
into each other and changing direction.
After sometime, these random movement
cause them to become evenly spread. This
is called diffusion.
Diffusion in gases
Diffusion also happen in gases. Gas particles move
more freely than particles in liquids.
Bromine forms a yellow-brown colored gas.
Oxygen is a colorless gas

oxygen
Particles diffuse through 2 gas jars

Oxygen particles

Bromine particles
bromine

The spaces between the particles Particles are now evenly spread
allow the gases to mix together between the two gas jars
INVESTIGATING DIFFUSION
Using diffusion
To make tea in a teapot, you pour
boiling water onto the tea leaves.
Particles from the tea leaves diffuse
into the hot water. You can make the
tea stronger by using more tea leaves.
You can stir the tea leaves to make
your tea stronger more quickly.
BROWNIAN MOTION
BROWNIAN MOTION
Invisible water particles strike
the pollen grain
Particle theory helps us to explain how diffusion
happens. Gases and liquids are made up of tiny Pollen grain
is knocked
particles that move about all the time, bumping this way

into each other and changing direction. Particle

theory can also help us to explain why bigger Pollen grain is
knocked this way
things–such as pollen grains-jiggle about.

A pollen grain being hit by tiny water particles that are too small to see, making it jiggle about in a random way
Moving pollen grains
Flowers produce pollen grains to help them to reproduce. Pollen grains are very small, but you can easily see
them with a microscope. Pollen grains cannot move by themselves. They are carried around by air currents,
or on insects.
Pollen grains float on water. When you look through the microscope, the pollen grains are moving about. They
jiggle about in random directions.
Random movement of the pollen grains and the dust using the particle theory. The drop of water is made
up of millions of tiny water particles and they are always moving. When they bump into the much bigger
pollen grains or dust grains, they make them move.
Discoveries about Brownian motion
Robert Brown, Scottish biologist. In 1827, he watched
pollen grains jiggling about under the microscope. He was the first
scientist to describe this motion. It was given the name Brownian
motion.

he watched some flecks of dust in water. The dust moved around

just like the pollen grains. Brown knew that the dust was not alive, Robert Brown (1773-1858)
so he knew that his first idea was wrong.

Robert Brown lived, no-one knew that substances are made up

of tiny particles in constant motion, so they could not explain
Brownian motion. The particle theory of matter was first put
forward in the 1870s.
GAS PRESSURE
PERTICLES IN GAS
The particles in a gas are spread out far away from each other.
The particles move freely and randomly all the time.

LESS SPACE MORE PRESSURE

If the gas is inside a container there are huge of particles colliding with
a wall and all these tiny forces add up, we call this gas pressure.
if you squeeze the gas particles into a smaller space they will hit the
walls of their container more often and makes the gas pressure
greater.

HIGHER TEMP, MORE PRESSURE

the particles in warm gas have more energy so they move about
more quickly and hit the walls of their container more often. This
increases the pressure.
THE END
By rickroll 