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Drilling Fluid Contamination and Treatment Drilling Fluid Contamination and Treatment
Drilling Fluid Contamination and Treatment Drilling Fluid Contamination and Treatment
DRILLING FLUID
FLUID
CONTAMINATION
CONTAMINATION
AND
AND TREATMENT
TREATMENT
IDENTIFY
THE
CONTAMINANT
DETERMINE
A
TREATMENT
PILOT TEST
TO CONFIRM
TREATMENT
T RE AT
TH E
M I N AN T
CO NT A
Factors Affecting the
Severity of Contamination
Type of contaminant
Concentration of contaminant
Cement
Anhydrite / gyp
Magnesium
Salt
pH < 11.5
80
60
40
20
0
8 9 10 11 12
pH
Cement Contamination
Sources
Drilling cement
Contaminated barite
Cement Contamination
Physical Properties of Mud
MW No change
FV Increase
PV No change to slight increase
YP Large increase
Initial Gel Large increase
10-min. Gel Increase
Fluid Loss Increase
Solids No change to slight increase
Cement Contamination
Chemical Properties of Mud
pH Increase
Pm Increase
Pf Increase
Mf Increase
Ca2+ Increase if pH < 11.5
Decrease if pH > 11.5
Cement Contamination
Treatment
CH CH CH CH CH CH +2NH3
-
+ 2OH
C C C C C C
O NH2 O NH2O O- O O- O O- O O-
Cement Contamination
PHPA System
CH CH CH CH CH CH
2+
+ Ca
C C C C C C
O O- O O- O O- O O- O OCaOO
Cement Contamination
PHPA System / Treatment
OH OH OH
O- OH O-
2 C CH2 C CH2 C + 6H2O + 3Ca2+
O C O
- Citric Acid - reduce pH
O O
Cement Contamination
PHPA System / Treatment
Tolerate:
Dilute
Add lignosulfonate
Anhydrite
CaSO4 Ca2+ + SO42-
Gypsum
CaSO4 • 2H2O Ca2+ + SO42- + 2H2O
Anhydrite / Gyp
Source
Formation
Anhydrite / Gyp
Physical Properties of Mud
MW No change
FV Increase
PV No change to Slight increase
YP Increase
Initial Gel Increase
10-min. Gel Increase
Fluid Loss Increase
Solids No change
Anhydrite / Gyp
Chemical Properties of Mud
pH Decrease
Pm Slight decrease
Pf Decrease
Mf Decrease
Ca2+ Increase
Cl- No change
Anhydrite / Gyp
Treatment
Precipitate calcium
Increase alkalinities
Anhydrite / Gyp
Treatment
Dilution
Dilute
Seawater
Precipitate?
or Sequester?
Magnesium
Treatment
To Precipitate:
MgCO3 is insoluble
Magnesium
Treatment
To Sequester:
LIME Ca2+(OH-)
Sequesters magnesium only
Clays do not hydrate as much in hard water
Fluid Loss is more difficult to reduce
Products are not as soluble
SALT
CONTAMINATION
Salt Contamination
Sources
Rock salt
Make-up water
Formation water
Types of Rock Salt
Halite NaCl
Sylvite KCl
MW Depends on type
FV Increase
PV Increase (if large conc. of salt)
YP Increase
Initial Gel Increase
10-min. Gel Increase
Fluid Loss Increase
Solids Retort indicates increase
Salt Contamination
Chemical Properties of Mud
pH Decrease
Pm Decrease
Pf Decrease
Mf Decrease
Ca2+ Slight to significant increase
depending on the type of salt
Cl- Increase
Salt Contamination
Treatment Options
Tolerate
Dilute
synthetic-base system
Conversion to a Saturated
Sodium Chloride System
MW Slight or No change
FV Slight increase
PV Slight or No change
YP Slight increase
Initial Gel Slight increase
10-min. Gel Increase
Fluid Loss Slight increase
Solids No change
Carbonate/Bicarbonate
Chemical Properties of Mud
pH Fluctuate
Pm Depends
Pf Usually increases
Mf Increase
Ca2+ Decrease
Cl- No change
Carbonate / Bicarbonate
Equilibrium
Percent
100
=
H2CO3 CO3
80 -
HCO3
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH
Percent of various carbonate species at different pH values
Yield Point vs. CO32-
and HCO3-
YP (lb/100 ft²)
-
2-
60
CO 3 HCO 3
50
40
30
20
10
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Millimoles / Liter
Carbonate/Bicarbonate
Treatment
Formation
Make-up water
H2S Contamination
Indicators
MW No change
FV Increase
PV No change
YP Increase
Initial Gel Slight increase
10-min. Gel Increase
Fluid Loss Slight increase
Solids No change
Hydrogen Sulfide
Chemical Properties of the Mud
pH Decrease
Pm Decrease
Pf Decrease
Mf Decrease
Ca2+ Slight Increase
Cl- No change
Hydrogen Sulfide
Chemical Reaction
H2S HS -
10
0.1
2-
0.01 S
3 6 9 12
pH
Hydrogen Sulfide
Treatment
SULF-X (ZnO)
Mg/l x Fw x 1.283
Gypsum and Calcium Soda Ash Mg/l x Fw x
Anhydrite 0.000928
SAPP
Mg/l x Fw x
Sodium 0.000971
Bicarbonate
Mg/l x Fw x
0.000735
Lime or Cement Hydroxyl Sodium PPB excess lime x
Bicarbonate 1.135
pH Slight decrease
Pm Slight decrease
Pf Slight decrease
Mf Slight decrease
Pf/Mf Ratio No change
Ca2+ No change to slight increase
Cl- No change to slight increase
Excessive Fine Solids
Physical Properties of the Mud
MW Slight or No change
FV Slight increase
PV Increase
YP Slight increase
Initial Gel Slight increase
10-min. Gel Increase
Fluid Loss Slight or No change
Solids Increase
MBT Slight increase if solids are reactive,
no change if barite
Excessive Fine Solids
Chemical Properties of the Mud
pH Slight decrease
Pm Slight decrease
Pf Slight decrease
Mf Slight decrease
Pf/Mf Ratio No change
Ca2+ No change
Cl- No change
Excessive Low Gravity Solids
Treatment