Functional histology of thyroid gland

• Ather Radhy
• Tabarek Hamid
• Tabarek Abduljalel
• Hawraa Hamodi
• Ahmed Waleed
• Rawaa Hatif
• Ahmed Ghasan
• Ruquia Qasim
• Heba Hussian
• Muhammed Abdulhasan

:Under the supervision of

Dr. haidar AL_Kifay
Introduction :
 large gland in the body .
Located in the neck inferior the larynx .

 function :
• Secretion of thyroxin and
triiodothyronine .
• Secretion of calcitonin .
Location :
 two lobes connect by each other
by isthmus spanning over the
trachea.
 on the anterior surface just
inferior of thyroid cartilage .
: Structure
 contains numerous follicles
Each follicle composed of follicular
cell and colloid
Between follicles are clear
parafollicular cells which produce
calcitonin .
:Hormone synthesis
 Ttiiodothyronine T3, Thyroxine T4 make up the
thyroid hormones.
 Both are tyrosine base molecule which is connect
to iodide .
 T4 is inactive and T3 is active form ,T4 is converted
to T3 by Iodinase
:Hormone synthesis
1. Hormone synthesis started with transport iodide
from the plasma into the follicular cell across the
basolateral membrane .
2. The iodide ion transport across the apical membrane
in the colloid space.
3- in the colloid space :
 The thyroperoxidase oxidase two iodide ions to form one iodine
molecule .
Thyroperoxdiase linking “I2” with the tyrosine residues in thyroglobuline.
•this generated either momoiodotyrosine “MIT”,or diiodotyrosine “DIT”.

•peroxidase then combines MIT and DIT residues in “coupling” to give

( T3,T4,rT3).
:Thyroid hormone

T3
70% (TBG), 15%
(albumin), <15 (TBPA),
0.3% (free).

T4
70% (TBG),15%
(albumin), <15 (TBPA),
0.03 (free).
:Clacitonin
It is the hormone produce in
c-cell.
It opposes the action of
parathyroid gland.
Regulate the blood calcium
and phosphate levels.

by:
Inhibiting the activity of
the osteoclasts , the cells that
break down the bone!

Controlled by:
The blood’s calcium levels.
 Effects of thyroid hormones:

:muscle
T3 increase :CNS
.glucose uptake Alterations in
Stimulate protein mental state
synthesis

Reproduction
:CVS :pancreases :system
Inc. heart rate, TH increase the Normal
cardiac contractility reproductive
sensitivity of
.& cardiac output behavior and
.the B cells . physiology
The regulation of thyroid
hormone :

Anterior pituitary gland

secrete thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH) that
increasessecretion of
thyroxin and
triiodothyronineby the
thyroid gland .
 Disorders of thyroid gland:

1-Hyperthyroidism:

grave’s disease:
.The thyroid gland is overactive
.It occurs commonly women than in men
It autonomic disorder that occurs when the
body’s immune system mistakenly attacks
.the thyroid gland
 Grave’s disease :

Symptoms :
•Characterized by enlargement of TG
& protrusion of the eye balls.
•Anxiety
•Hand tremors
•Increase or irregular heartbeat
•Bulging eyes and vision problems

•Treat :
•Antithyroid medication
•Radioactive iodine
•surgery
Goiter:
•Is noncancerous enlargement of TG.
•Most common cause is iodine deficiency in the diet .
•There might not by any symptoms if the goiter isn’t sever,
following symptoms if it grows enough:
-swelling or tightness in your neck.
-difficulties breathing or swallowing.
- hoarseness of voice.
Treat.:
-iodine doses
-surgery
:Hypothyroidism
•This is when the TG produces less thyroid
hormones.
•Main causes:
-autoimmune disease
-pituitary or hypothalamus failure .
•Symptoms:
-breathlessness
-dizziness
-dry\ gritty eyes
-hoarse voice
-hair loss
Q/ Why women have more thyroid
?disorder

:Answer
Sex hormones especially estrogen &
prolactin have important role in
modulating the immune system and
many impact autoimmune disease.