INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION

SIT DOLOR AMET

 EARLY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT IN PRIMITIVE TIME

We cannot negate the truth that society is judged, by how it

treats their prisoners and that the methods employed in the past
were harsh in terms of treatment of its prisoners. The absence of
prisons and jails or even courts and trials to hear the sides of the
offenders is difficult in order achieve fair judgement. The
torture, floggings, and public humiliations that characterized
correction of the past conflict with today’s concept of the worth
of life and human dignity.
 THE MEDIEVAL PUNISHMENT

Blood Feuds – ancient culture develop the idea of justice based on

vengeance, retribution and compensation.
When a crime is committed, the victim is expected to dole out justice
with his own hands.
Punishment was carried out by the victim personally, along with help
provided by one’s family.
The offender will seek refuge to his family and friends; as a result of
this system, blood feuds developed.
Lex Taliones – it is important to remember that these
formulations were codes, not laws.
Functionally, the system of social control was quite simple. On
a practical basis, personal retribution by the victim was still the
dominant methods of control.
In fact the Law of Retaliation (Lex Taliones) against the
offender is reflected in the code of Hammurabi.
 THE MEDIEVAL PUNISHMENT

like ancient forerunners medieval Europeans were very

brutal in the exercised of punishment such as: knives,
Axes, Whip, Barnacles, Collars and Cuffs were
commonly used to inflict punishment along with
confinement in cold, dark, damp, vermin – infested
dungeons.
 THE THREE BRUTAL AND RUTHLESS MEDIEVAL FORMS
OF PUNISHMENT ARE:

1. Iron Maiden – is a box – like device with

the front half hinged like a door so that a
person could be place inside; when the
door was shut, protruding spikes both back
and front entered the body of the victim.
2. The rack – a kind of a device that drags
apart the joints in the feet and hands.
The tower of London – originally built as a
fortress for defense of the City. This is a
famous symbol for such a cruel punishment.
It was there that an even more torturous
contraption was developed. Where the rack
stretched its victims, this machine
compressed the body of the victims; it is
more dreadful and more complex than the
rack. The whole body is bent that some
blood exudes from the tips of the hands and
feet.
4. Banishment and Exile – serious offenders were
transported to banishment or exile.
Banishment was considered an appropriate response to
misbehavior even in modified form, for small children.
E.g. cutting of all communication to his parents (fox,
1998).
 WHAT IS CORRECTION?

A branch Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody,

supervision, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
It is the field of criminal justice administration, which utilizes
the body of knowledge and practices of the government and the
society in general involving the processes of handling
individuals who have been convicted of offenses for purposes of
crime prevention and control (Tugbo, 1998).
 HISTORY OF CORRECTION

Origin of the Word Prison

The word prison has found its roots from the Greco Roman
word “Presidio” from word Pre means before and Sidio means
inside.
The coined term “Presidio” is synonymous to a “fence, cave,
and or dungeon. The word presidio started in the reign of King
Hammurabi of Babylon in 1729 BC.
 DEVELOPMENT OF PRISONS

Early punishment in the form of execution was barbaric.

This included offenders being thrown to prisons with
wild animals, staked out in the with eyelids propped-
open, stoned, disemboweled, dismembered, flogged, and
even crucified.
 WALNUT STREET JAILS
 Walnut Street Prison was a city jail and penitentiary house in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
from 1773 to 1838.
 It is considered as the first penitentiary in the US.
 They were sometimes allowed to read in their cells, but for the most part they sat in
solitude.
 The Quakers saw this solitary confinement not as a punishment but as a time for
reflection and remorse. That was the reason the inmates were not put to work. Labor,
said penitentiary proponents, would preoccupy the inmates and keep them from
reflecting on their crimes.
 The Walnut Street Prison became in part the model for what became known as the
"Pennsylvania System" of prison design and philosophy.
WALNUT STREET PRISON

 In 1821 a prison was opened in the small upstate New York town of Auburn.
That prison, which relied on individual cellblock architecture, required inmates
to work 10 hours per day, six days per week.
 A number of prison reformers believed that by making the inmates work in an
atmosphere free of corruption or criminal behavior, they would build new sets of
values.
 The work would rehabilitate them because it would give them a sense of
purpose, discipline, and order. This system became known as the "Auburn
System,"
 TWO RIVAL PRISON SYSTEMS IN THE US

 Auburn system (also known as the New York system and

Congregate system) is a penal method of the 19th century in which
persons worked during the day in groups and were kept in solitary
confinement at night, with enforced silence at all times.
 Pennsylvania system, penal method based on the principle that
solitary confinement fosters penitence and encourages reformation.
Prisoners were kept in solitary confinement day and night where
they lived, slept, received religious instructions and read the bible.
 Silence also strictly observed.
 SING SING PRISON

 In full Sing Sing Correctional Facility, maximum-security prison located in Ossining, New
York. In use since 1826, it is one of the oldest penal institutions in the United States.
 It is also among the most well-known in the country, especially notable for its harsh
conditions in the 19th and 20th centuries.
 Whippings and floggings were commonplace punishments at Sing Sing. Frequently used was
the cat-o’-nine-tails, a cruel whipping contraption whose lashes were often tipped with metal
or barbs; its use was finally abolished by the New York State legislature in 1848.
 In addition, while Lynds was warden, inmates were expected to refrain from making noise,
which included talking. With the advent of the electric chair in 1891, Sing Sing became
notorious for
 THE SCHOOL OF PENOLOGY
Classical School (Free-will) - Advocated by Cesare Beccaria & Jeremy Bentham
(Doctrine of psychological hedonism).
 Individual calculates pleasure and pain in concordance to his actions and regulations.

Neo-classical School (Child and Insane should be exempted from punishment)

Positivist or Italian School (Determinism) Advocated by Cesare Lombroso
“Father of Modern Criminology”
 It opposed the “doctrine of free will”.
 Person who committed a crime should not be punished instead they must be
treated as sick person.
MODERN CONCEPT OF PENOLOGY

To change the attitude of the offenders, their way of life so that
when they return to the mainstream in community, they will
now become a useful member of the society.
Purpose of confinement.
A person is committed to prison
a. to segregate him from society; and
b. to rehabilitate him so that upon his return to society he shall be a
responsible and law-abiding citizen.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CORRECTION

The rules on the admission, custody and treatment of inmates

a. seek to promote discipline and to secure the reformation and
safe custody of inmates.
b. shall be applied impartially, without discrimination on grounds
of race, color, sex, language, religion or other opinion, national
or social origin, property, birth or other status.
c. shall be enforced with firmness but tempered with
understanding.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Prison - an institution for the confinement of persons who have

been remanded (held) in custody by a judicial authority or who
have been deprived of their liberty following conviction for a
crime.
Inmate – refers to a national prisoner or one sentenced by a
court to serve a maximum term of imprisonment of more than
three years or to a fine more than one thousand pesos.
 Detainee – a person who is confined in prison pending preliminary
investigation, trial or appeal; or upon legal process issued by competent
authority.
 Death Convict – refers to an inmate whose death penalty is imposed by a
Regional Trial Court, which is affirmed by the Supreme Court En Banc.
 Superintendent – refers to the one in charge of prisons.
 Carpeta – refers to the institutional record of inmates which consists of;
Mittimus Commitment order, Prosecutor’s information and the decision
of the trial court including the appellate court.
 STATUS OF INMATE AS AFFECTED BY APPEAL.

Pending an appeal, the status of an inmate shall not be changed.

Whenever upon appeal, the sentence of an inmate is reduced to
a maximum term of imprisonment of less than three (3) years or
to a fine that does not exceed one thousand pesos (P1,000.00).
The inmate shall be transferred to the custody of the Bureau of
Jail Management and Penology or to the Provincial Government
concerned for service of sentence.
 ORIGIN OF THE WORD JAIL

The term jail is derived from the Spanish word, “Jaulo” which
means cage. Etymologist attributed the word jail to have
originated from the Spanish term “Caula,” is the French the
word of jail referred to as “Gaol” pronounced G’eole.
It is a place for the arrested for debt or crime and were held in
custody. In 14th century, the arrestees were even entrusted to the
knights of the Shire.
 WHAT IS JAIL? (LEGAL DEFINITION)

Is the building or place for confinement of arrested

sentenced persons.
It is usually made up of cells, which are small
rooms or enclosures where prisoners are actually
kept or confine (Macasiano, 1999).
 JAIL VS PRISON
Jail houses cater offenders faced with a penalty of not more that
3 years (under DILG)
 It is classified as Provincial jail, municipal jail and city jail.

Bureau of corrections – houses those offenders who are finally

convicted and are waiting for the results of their appeal and
those who are convicted of more than three years. (under DOJ)
 TYPES OF JAILS

Lock-up cell – is a security facility for the temporary detention

of persons held for investigation (e.g. Suspect, Violators of City
ordinance).
City jail, Provincial and Municipal jail – house both offenders
awaiting for court actions, those serving short sentences usually
up to 3 years only, and juvenile offenders pending for transfer to
social service agency (Macasiano, 1999)
 OBJECTIVES
The broad objectives of the Bureau are the following:

a. To improve the living conditions of offenders in accordance

with the accepted standards set by the United Nations; BJMP
Comprehensive Operations Manual Revised 2015.
b. To enhance the safekeeping, rehabilitation and development of
offenders in preparation for their eventual reintegration into the
mainstream of society upon their release; and
c. To professionalize jail services.
 CORE VALUES
The BJMP’s officers and staff are guided by the following core values:

a. Commitment - strong sense of dedication to the ideals of the

organization and to the public that it serves;
b. Respect for Human Rights - to promote and protect the rights of our
fellow human beings;
c. Efficiency/Competence - mastery of important skills for delivery of
quality services; d. Cooperation - willingness to share efforts in implementing
plans and achieving goals; and e. Teamwork - the combined effective action of
all personnel.