Definition

• First Aid is a system of assessments and

interventions that can be performed by a
bystander (or by the victim) with minimal or no
medical equipment.
• A first aid provider is defined as someone with
formal training in first aid, emergency care, or
medicine who provides first aid.
• One of the primary equipment in First Aid is the
triangular bandage.
 Cardinal Principle

“Primum Non Nocere”

First, Do No Harm
 Body Substance Isolation

If the fluid is not yours,

avoid unprotected contact.
Personal Protective Equipment
Splinting
 Bandages

Broad-Fold Bandage

Open Triangular
Bandage
Narrow-Fold Bandage
Square Knot
 First Aid for Broken Bones

SYMPTOMS:
•Pain and tenderness
•Inability to use the
injured extremity
(arms, legs)
•Deformity, swelling
•Bruising
•Numbness
•Pale, bluish skin
 Reasons for splinting

• Minimize or prevent further neural,

vascular and other soft tissue injury
• prevent a closed fracture from
becoming an open fracture
• minimize pain and discomfort
• facilitate transport of patient
• prevent paralysis in the case of spine
patients
 General Rules of Splinting
• Remove or cut away all clothing surrounding
the injury
• Remove all jewelry
• assess pulse, motor function and sensation
distal to the injury
• Cover all wounds with sterile dressing prior to
splinting
 General Rules of Splinting
• Never intentionally replace protruding bone
back into the skin
• Pad the splint
• apply splint before moving the patient
• immobilize the joint above and below the
fracture
• when in doubt, splint the injury
 Hazards of Improper Splinting
• Compression of neurovascular structures
• Delay of transport
• Reduce circulation
• Aggravate the bone and joint injury
 Splinting-Upper extremities

Arm sling and

swathe
 Splinting-Upper extremities

Upper arm (humerus)

 Splinting-Upper extremities

Forearm
(radium/ulna)
 Splinting-Upper extremities

Fingers and hands

(position of
function)
 Splinting-Elbow and Knee

Knee in bent position

Knee in
straight
position
 Splinting-Elbow and Knee

Elbow in bent position

Elbow in
straight
position
 Splinting-Lower Extremities

Ankle/foot
 Splinting-Lower Extremities

Lower leg
(tibia/fibula)
 Splinting-Lower Extremities

Thigh (femur)
 Splinting-Lower Extremities

Self-splint
(leg)
Bleeding
 External Bleeding
ARTERIAL blood spurts from the wound
most serious type of bleeding
less likely to clot

VENOUS blood flows steadily or gushes

easier to control

CAPILLARY blood oozes

most common type of bleeding
can be controlled easily
 External Bleeding
Regardless of the type of bleeding,
the first aid is the same

FIRST, AND MOST IMPORTANT,

YOU MUST COINTROL THE BLEEDING
 WHEN CONTROLLING BLEEDING
Do Not
Do NOT Touch a wound with your bare hands
Do NOT Use direct pressure on an eye injury,
a wound with an embedded object, or a
skull fracture
Do NOT Remove a blood-soaked dressing
Do NOT Remove an impaled object
Do NOT Apply a pressure bandage so tightly
that it cuts off circulation
Do NOT Use a torniquet
 External Bleeding
Protect yourself against disease by wearing medical
exam gloves. If not available, the following can be
used as alternative:
-several layers of gauze pads
-plastic wrap
-plastic bag
-waterproof material
 External Bleeding
Direct pressure stops most bleeding.
 External Bleeding
A pressure bandage can free you to attend to
other injuries or victims.
 External Bleeding
Do not remove a blood-soaked dressing. Add
more dressings on top.
 External Bleeding

Elevation of the injured

extremity help reduce
blood flow
 External Bleeding

If bleeding still
continues, apply
pressure at a
pressure point to
slow blood flow
BURNS AND SCALDS
Skin Anatomy
• Burns : results from dry heat, corrosive
substances/friction
• Scalds: caused by wet heat
• General Principles:
– own safety
– stop burning
– cover injury
– obtain medical aid
• Classification of burns
– thermal
– chemical
– electrical
 First Degree Burn
• Involves the epidermis
• Redness, mild swelling
• Tenderness, pain
• Ex. mild sunburn
• First aid
• relieve pain
• dec pain/infl
• moisturizer
 Second Degree Burn
• Dermis and epidermis
• Blister formation, looks
raw
• Swelling ,severe pain
• First aid
• analgesic
• hospital
• cover
• Topical antibiotic
 Third Degree Burn
• Skin, fats, muscles
• Leathery,waxy charred
• No pain
• Hospital
• Cover
• Treat for shock
 Extent of Burns

• Estimating the body surface

• Rule of palm
• victims hand,it represents 1%
• for small of scattered burn
• Large burn, unburned subtract to 100%
Thermal Burn
 Thermal Burns
• Assess ABC`s
• Decide Severity of Burn (when in doubt choose
more severe classification)
• Mild Burns – apply cold compress for about 10-
40 min until pain subsides then apply
moisturizer, like aloe vera
• More Severe Burns –cold compress (If small
area), Remove jewelries and clothing from burn
area (if stuck, do not pull off, CUT), cover with
nonstick sterile dressing (preferably), seek
medical consult
• Pointers: seek medical attention for:
– Burns of face, hands, feet and genital are more
severe
– Circumferential burn
– Age( < 5 y/o,>55 y/o)
– Electrical injury
– Child abuse is suspected
– Surface of 2 degree >15% of BSA
– 3rd burn
Chemical Burn
• Chemical burns:
– caustic or corrosive substance
– alkalis ( drain cleaners)
– acids (battery acids)
– organic compounds(petroleum products)
• First Aid:
– Wash off for ATLEAST 20 min. (In cases of Dry
Chemicals, Brush off Powder before washing off)
• remove contaminated clothing
• sterile dressing
• hospital
• chemical burn to eye flush with water
 Chemical Burns
• Assess ABC`s
• Wash off for ATLEAST 20 min. (In cases of Dry
Chemicals, Brush off Powder before washing
off)
• Remove clothing and jewelries
• Seek medical Attention
Electrical Burn
 Electrocution
• Current of 1,000 volts or more high voltage
• Entrance and exit wound
• Disrupt normal heart rhythm
• First Aid:
• safety first, Shut off power to building if necesary
• check ABC
• Treat as Thermal Burns
• Treat for shock
• hospital
 Summary
• Stop the burning and cool area
• Check ABC
• Depth and extent
• Determine other injuries
• Burn severity
• Seek medical attention
 EPILEPSY

• SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

• Sudden loss of consciousness, casualty may let
out a strange cry
• Casualty may become rigid
• Convulsive jerking movements that may be
violent
• At the end of the attack, the muscles relax and
the casualty returns to normal
 EPILEPSY

• AIM
• To protect the casualty from injury
• To reassure the casualty when she recovers
• IMPORTANT
• Never try to hold someone down or stop the
convulsions
• Never put anything in her mouth
• Never try to give the person anything to eat or
drink during a fit
 EPILEPSY

• WHAT TO DO
• Ease the fall and keep onlookers well back
• Clear the area around the casualty
• Loosen tight clothing
• Place the casualty in a recovery position
• Remain with the casualty and reassure her
• Seek Medical Attention
 POISONING
HOW TO RECOGNIZE POISONING
• There may be a container near the casualty that
is known to have had a poisonous substance in it
• The casualty may have lost consciousness at any
given time
• Convulsions/Seizures
• Damage to the lips
• Laboured breathing
• Upset stomach
 POISONING
HOW POISONS ENTER THE BODY
• Swallowed
• Inhaled
• Injected
• Absorption
 POISONING
IMPORTANT
• Take care not to get any poison on yourself
• If the casualty swallowed a corrosive poison,
never try to force her to vomit
• Do not leave the casualty alone unless you
have to call an ambulance
• Keep poisonous substances out of reach of
children
 POISONING
WHAT TO DO
• Look out for danger
• Follow the ABC
• Call an ambulance
• Give details of the poison is known
• Give tablets or medicine to the ambulance
crew
• Monitor the casualty’s responses
It is better to know First
Aid and not need it
than to need it and not
know it
Thank you