GROUP 2

TOPIC: OVER VIEW OF SOME BASIC URBAN MODEL BETWEEN

19TH CENTURY – 20TH CENTURY OF:
1. LINEAR CITY
2. GARDENCITY
3. INDUSTRIAL CITY
 \

LINEAR
CITY
• The linear city was an urban plan for an elongated urban formation.
• The city would consist of a series of functionally specialized parallel sectors.
• Generally, the city would run parallel to a river and be built so that the dominant wind would blow
from the residential areas to the industrial strip.

The sectors of a linear city would be:

a purely segregated zone for railway lines,
a zone of production and communal enterprises, with related scientific, technical and educational
institutions,
a residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a band of residential buildings and a
"children's band",
a park zone,
an agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms (sovkhozy in the Soviet Union).
THE CONCEPT OF ARTURO SORIA'S
LINEAR CITY..
 The planning of Ciudad Lineal (1895-
1910) published by Madrid Urbanization
Company.

As the city expanded, additional sectors would be added to the end of each band, so that the city
would become ever longer, without growing wider.
The linear city design was first developed by Arturo Soria y Mata in Madrid, Spain during the 19th
century, but was promoted by the Soviet planner Nikolay Alexandrovich Milyutin in the late 1920s.
(Milyutin justified placing production enterprises and schools in the same band with Engels'
statement that "education and labour will be united".)

Ernst May, a famous German functionalist architect, formulated his initial plan for Magnitogorsk,
a new city in the Soviet Union, primarily following the model that he had established with his
Frankfurt settlements: identical, equidistant five-story communal apartment buildings and an
extensive network of dining halls and other public services.
GARDEN
CITY
A city in a garden
or city of garden
Sir Ebnezar Howard ( 29th January 1850 - May 1st, 1928 )

• Sir Ebnezar Howard was Born as the Son of a

Shopkeeper in the city of London, on 29th of
January
• after schooling he took on a number of
clerical post
• In 1871, he emigrated to the frontier country
of America to become a Farmer
• He subsequently spent four years living in
Chicago, witnessing its rebuilding following
the great fire.
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
The Gardens of Tomorrow: The Book
• this book offered a vision of towns free of slums
and enjoying the benefits of both town ( such as
an opportunity, amusement and good wages ) and
country ( such as beauty, fresh air and low rents ).
• He illustrated the idea with his famous three
magnets diagram which address Town, country,
and Town-Country.
• it proposed the creation of new suburban towns
of limited size, planned in advance, and
sorrounded by a permanent belt of agricultural
land.
 What are Garden City?
• Following the industrial revolution, many
european cities faced an unprecedented rise in
the rate of population growth, intensified by the
migration of people from rural areas to 
urban areas seeking better opportunities
• Developing smaller garden cities linked by
canal and transit and covered by permanent
green belt.
• In light of these issues, in the late nineteenth
century, the concept of garden cities was
created. This model of urban planning was
characterized by progressive ideals to solve the
problems of rural flight and the resulting
disorderly growth of urban areas. The garden
city concept was based on the creation of a
series of small cities that would combine the
advantages of both environments
Garden City Datas
Central City
area: 12,000 acres
population: 58,000 people
Agglomeration Cities:
area: 9,000
Population: 32,000 people
Distance between central main city and
agglomerations: 10 km.
The Three Magnets diagram, particularly
emblematic in terms of summarizing the ideas
of garden cities. Each illustrated magnet
represents a specific environment:

• The Town
• The Country
• The Town-Country

 The First two magnets list the Positive and

Negatives of town life and country life.
 The Third Magnet combines the advantages
of both.
• The idealized vision of the garden city contained specific utopian elements like small communities
planned on a concentric pattern that would accommodate housing, industry, and agriculture, surrounded
by greenbelts that would limit their growth. Many diagrams and maps illustrate clusters of several garden
cities, which was an important aspect to ensure the effectiveness of the garden cities.
Cities like Letchworth, Welwyn, and Stockfeld in England, were built using these ideas, but the
concept was influential in other countries too, even outside Europe, with adaptations and
reinterpretations according to different geographical and historical contexts.

This concept is still

frequently revisited to this
day - albeit considerably
different from the original
idea - to propose urban
planning solutions that
attempt, at least in theory,
greater integration between
urban areas and green
spaces.
Garden City Principle in
Practice

Letchworth, United Kingdom

Welwyn, United Kingdom
Letchworth, United Kingdom
• The first garden city evolved out of howard’s
principles
• it was designed by Raymond Unwin and Bary
Parker in 1903
• it has a population of 33,600
• 35 miles from london
• land of 3822 acres
• reserved green belt 1,300 acres
• designed for a maximum of 35,000 population
WELWYN, UNITED KINGDOM
• designed by Louis de Soissons and Frederic Osborn
in 1920
• it is a town with in the Borough of Welwyn Hatfield
in Hertfordshire, England
• 19 miles from Kings Cross and 24 miles from
London
Stats:
• Land of 2,378 acres
• designed for a maximum of 40,000 population
• in 15 years - developed with 10,000 population and
50 shops, industries.
INDUSTRIAL
CITY
 WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL CITY?
• Industrial city or industrial town refers to a town or city in which the
municipal economy, at least historically, is centered around industry, with
important factories or other production facilities in the town.
• It has been part of most countries' industrialization process.
 INDUSTRIAL CITY IN 19TH – 20TH CENTURY
LIVING CONDITIONS

• The Industrial Revolution of the 19th and 20th century transformed rural to urban life and
gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of working and living
conditions.
• Increased number of jobs
• technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encourage migration
to cities.
• Development of railroads, streetcars, and trolleys in the 19th century enabled city
boundaries to expand.
• All of the expansion of businesses, cities, and population led to absolutely no sanitation
because multiple families lived in a tenant
Spinoza, Industrialization
 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The industrial revolution, in many ways a consequence of the slow and continuous development
of what we call “western society”, began many years before the end of the eighteenth century.
However, it is precisely in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century that it enjoyed a real
explosion due to the concentration in this short period of time of a number of changes and
innovations -not just technical- that affected all areas of western culture and civilization. The
industrial revolution caused profound changes in the cities, especially in factory towns.
Population growth and the concentration of large masses of population quickly turned them
into “macrotowns”. However, there were no suitable planning responses to this problem, with
purely speculative prevailing in new designs of towns. The town was divided into two distinct
areas: the working class neighbourhoods, located around the factories consisting of clustered
housing without the poorest living conditions and minimal standards of hygiene; and the
residential areas of the wealthy bourgeoisie with wide avenues and green spaces. But the
industrial revolution came about, also, thanks to another revolution; the liberal revolution, both
in economic terms and in the political arena.
 MAP OF SAVANNAH
(GEORGIA-USA) IN 1798. ANONYMOUS, ARCHIVE OF
CHATHAM COUNTY (GEORGIA).
MAP OF THE DISTRICT OF BEAUREGARD IN BÂTON ROUGE (LOUISIANA - UNITED STATES) IN 1806. INK AND WATERCOLOUR ON
PAPER BY A. LA CARRIERE LATOUR, LSU LIBRARY (LOUISIANA) (BAZART, 2008: P. 67).

• The most accepted solution was the grid layout, both for economic reasons
-land speculation- and for sociopolitical reasons -better organization of the
population-. In these plans dating from the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries the town begins to be drawn establishing distinctive
zones and clearly representing the portions of property into which the
urban land is divided. To represent the town in aspects that are purely
urbanistic, the bird’s eye view disappears and the plan view is used in
preference. It should be remembered, however, that these towns are newly
built or are in the very early stages of planning. As already explained, in
Europe during the nineteenth century, the society and the economy changed
radically and hence so did the concept of the town. Industrial capitalism
appeared and a new society was created, the class society, with the
bourgeoisie dominating the political power and the proletariat increasingly
exploited enduring dire living conditions. The bourgeoisie was to dominate
the economic and soon the political power. Its concept of property was
different from what existed in the modern age: it was absolute property, free
from servitude and could be bought and sold.
 CONCEPTUAL INFLUENCES
• A major qualitative leap forward in
the representation of the city and
its planning was provided by the
industrial revolution. In this case, it
was not the change in the model of
the town and its arrangement,
which indeed existed, but the
emergence of the concept of
property and the appearance of
the bourgeoisie.
• it became absolutely necessary to represent property and
parcelling.
• The need arose to categorize urban spaces in order to identify
what rules or standards were applicable to the property drawn.
The precise definition of the property, of the plot, and thus its
graphically represented categorization, is a graphic
characteristic of a conceptual nature that was definitively
introduced to the representations of city planning. This planning
thenceforth would not only define the form of the plan of the
town and how its growth was to be structured, but would also
have to categorize it in order to award the property a use and
specific value and aid the administration to regulate and control
it and the bourgeoisie to exploit it.
 INSTRUMENTAL INFLUENCES IN
PLANNING INDUSTRIAL CITY
• The improvement of the tools,
materials, drawing techniques
-projective and descriptive
geometry- and cartographic
techniques, led to graphic
refinement in the representation
of the city and its planning that
progressed until the mid-
nineteenth century.
However,
this refinement continued to use paper and ink
as the fundamental technique. Copying and
reproduction continued to be done by printing
or, at the end of the 19th century, by applying
experimental photographic techniques. In the
late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the
emergence of what we have come to call
“modern urbanism”, the use of colour became
generalized in order to categorize the land of
the city.
• Tony Garnier (1869 -1948) was a
French architect who pioneered
the use of reinforced concrete and
was a forerunner of modernist
urban planning.
• Garnier'sgrand concept of an
imaginary planned industrial city,
worked out in the earliest years of
the 20th century, was first published
in 1918.This work, Une
citéindustrielle, is a portfolio of over
160 plates, and is both visionary and
detailed in its socialist organization.
• TONY GARNIER French architect designed ahypothetical industrial
town called “ UNE CITE INDUSTRIELLE”. He created an imaginary
site consisting of high plateau and level valley, all along side a river. The
plateau would be used for residential , the valley for factories, total
population of the town was to be 32,000.A dam would furnish hydro
electric power. His plan anticipated what we now know as ZONING.
His plan was very detailed and included locations of hospitals,
cemeteries, factories, mines, sewage plants, abattoir, bakery and civic
center. He used a grid plan for residential areas
• Tony Garnier's Une CiteIndustrialle is one of the
most comprehensive ideal plans of all time. Published
in 1917, it is not only an outstanding contribution to
architectural and planning theories but also a
sensitive expression of thought and cultural
conditions of its day.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE

• The end of the nineteenth century was a time of great change through out Europe. The advent
of industrialization altered the landscape of the city forever. Many of the changes were not for
the better and living conditions in industrial cities steadily deteriorated. The Industrial
Revolution had the effect of bringing more and more people from the countryside into the heart
of the city looking for work.
• Such dramatic over-population and unrestricted urban growth led to slum housing, dirt, disease
and a lack of communal green spaces within the city landscape. Modern urban planning arose
in response to this disorder. Reformation of these areas was the objective of the early city
planners, who began to impose regulatory laws establishing housing standards for housing ,
sanitation etc. Urban planners also introduced parks, playground in city neighbourhoods, for
recreation as well as visual relief. The notion of zoning was a major concept of urban planning
at this time.
• WHO WAS TONY GARNIER?

Tony Garnier was a French architect born in Lyons in 1869 and it is clear thatthe
city and surroundings had a great influence on him. Whilst growing upLyons was an
industrial centre for textiles and metallurgy, the two industriescatered for by
Garnier s proposal for his industrial city. Garnier studied at theÉcole des Beaux-
Arts in Paris and in 1901 won the prix de Rome competitionand was sent to the
French Academy at the Villa Medici. It was here whereGarnier started to formulate
his proposal for the Cité and in 1901 Garnier sent back the proposal to the École.
• SOCIAL UTOPIAN CONCEPTS

At the end of the 19th century it was believed that many social reforms could be achieved gradually
through moral and intellectual education leading to a future ideal state. Garnier believed in the basic
goodness of man :when asked why his city contained no law courts, police force stations, jail or
church he is said to have replied that the new society governed by socialist law would have no need of
churches as capitalism would be suppressed. In the Utopias of this period, fundamental, natural and
primitive conditions were stressed; the emphasis on exercise, health, and physical well-being was a
corollary to the awakening interest in natural life. Garnier‘s inclusion of a large public area for
sports and spectacles in his city related to early utopian philosophy, pagan antiquity and love for
games.
• THE CONCEPT

Garnier ‘s proposal was an industrial city for approx 35,000 inhabitants situated on a area
in southeast France on a plateau with high land and a lake to the north, a valley and river to
the south. Une Cite industrialle is a well coordinated and monumentally conceived plan
placed in a park like setting where both the classical spirit of the academic tradition and the
primitive simplicity of utopian ideas is demonstrated. In his proposal, Garnier tried to take
into account all aspects of the city including governmental, residential, manufacturing and
agricultural practices. The various functions of the city were clearly related, but separated
from each other by location and patterns.
The public area at the heart of the city was grouped into
3 sections: administrative services and assembly halls, museum collections and sports
facilities.

The residential area is made up of rectangular blocks running east-west which gives the
city its characteristic elongated form. The residential districts are the first attempt
towards passive solar architecture. Garnier had energy efficiency in mind as the city was
to be powered by a hydroelectric station with a dam which was located in the mountains
along with the hospital. The city was completed by a railroad d station to the east.
• Garnier’s Cité Industrielle was never built but echoes of his vision can be
seen in Lyon where the mayor appointed him the city architect in 1905, a
position he held until 1919. The most important work to emerge from his
Cité Industrielle was the large stockyards complex, the stadium, the
Grange Blanche Hospital and the housing project known as Les États
Unis. The most important connection of Garnier with later planners is
definitely through Le Corbusier. Le Corbusier was the first well-known
architect to discuss Garnier's work and possibly the reason why Garnier
became known as a pioneer of modern architecture and urban planning.
• This is not to say that Garnier's vision of urban utopia is neither
important nor successful. Much of what he proposed is at the least
relevant today and there is no doubt that at the time someone with
Garnier's vision was required to propose what he saw as a solution to the
problems that faced society at that time. This brings me back to the start,
a utopia by its very nature is impossible to realize. Without people
proposing their visions of a Utopia there can be no progress as out of
generous dreams come beneficial realities.
• This is not to say that Garnier's vision of urban utopia is neither
important nor successful. Much of what he proposed is at the least
relevant today and there is no doubt that at the time someone with
Garnier's vision was required to propose what he saw as a solution to
the problems that faced society at that time. This brings me back to the
start, a utopia by its very nature is impossible to realize. Without people
proposing their visions of a Utopia there can be no progress as out of
generous dreams come beneficial realities.
 END OF

PRESENTATION