Philosophy

Philo, means “love.”

Sophos, means “wisdom.”

- a way of thinking about the world, the universe, and

society
 Education Philosophy
It is the branch of applied or practical philosophy concerned
with the nature and aims of education and the philosophical
problems arising from educational theory and practice.

There are four major educational philosophies and these are

Perennialism, Essentialism, Progressivism, and Reconstructionism.
 Perennialism
The aim of education is to ensure that students acquire
understandings about the great ideas of Western civilization. The
focus is to teach ideas that are everlasting, to seek enduring truths
which are constant, not changing, as the natural and human
worlds at their most essential level, do not change.
 Essentialism
Essentialists believe that there is a common core of knowledge
that needs to be transmitted to students in a systematic,
disciplined way. Although this educational philosophy is similar in
some ways to Perennialism, Essentialists accept the idea that this
core curriculum may change.
 Progressivism
Progressivists believe that education should focus on the whole
child, rather than on the content or the teacher. This educational
philosophy stresses that students should test ideas by active
experimentation. Learning is rooted in the questions of learners
that arise through experiencing the world.
 Reconstructionism/Critical Theory
Curriculum focuses on student experience and taking social
action on real problems. Strategies for dealing with controversial
issues, inquiry, dialogue, and multiple perspectives are the focus.
Community-based learning and bringing the world into the
classroom are also strategies.
 Educational Aims,
Goals and Objectives
 AIMS
General statements that provide a sense of direction and serve as
guiding principles for educational policy

Aims are the translations of the general philosophy and needs of the
country

Aims are designed at the national/state level by policy making groups

Aims can be based on the constitution of the country

 Examples of Aims
To prepare students for democratic citizenship

To develop a moral character and personal discipline

To strengthen ethical and spiritual values

To teach the rights and duties of citizenship

To encourage creative and critical thinking.

 GOALS
Derived from aim

Aims become goals when they become more specific and refer to a
particular school or school system and to a specific subject areas of the
curriculum

Goals translate aims into statements that will describe what schools are
expected to accomplish

Goals are more specific and definite than aims, but they are still non-
behavioral and therefore non-observable and non-measureable
 Examples of Goals
The development of reading skills

The appreciation of arts

The understanding of scientific and mathematical concepts

 OBJECTIVES
Objectives are stated in observable and measurable terms (outcomes,
proficiencies or competences)

Objectives are behavioral in nature and more precise than goals

Objectives state what students should know at the end of the course
and what is expected from them
 Examples of Objectives
To identify the main idea of the author

To be able to locate the topic sentence and the supporting details

To be aware of the differences between the present simple and present
perfect
When explaining how objectives work, the SMART acronym is
commonly used. It is defined as follows:

S – Specific
M – Measureable
A – Attainable
R – Realistic
T - Timed
AIMS GOALS OBJECTIVES
 “Without aims, goals, and objectives,
education is just like a ship in the sea which
has no specified direction to move.”