Avogadro's law

 Avogadro's law states that "equal volumes of

all gases, at the same temperature and
pressure, have the same number of molecules.“
 The derivation of Avogadro's law follows
directly from the ideal gas law, i.e.
 PV=nRT
Specific Heat
Capacity
 Temperature vs. Heat
• Temperature is the
measurement of the avg. KE
of the particles in matter.
• Heat energy that flows
from a warmer object to a
cooler object.
 Learning Check
A.When you touch ice, heat is transferred
from
1) your hand to the ice
2) the ice to your hand

B. When you drink a hot cup of coffee,

heat is transferred from
1) your mouth to the coffee
2) the coffee to your mouth
4
HAVE YOU EVER NOTICED
THAT ON A HOT SUMMER
DAY THE POOL IS
COOLER THAN THE HOT
CEMENT?
OR maybe that the ocean is cooler than the hot
sand?
 Specific Heat Capacity
Specific Heat: The amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of 1
gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius.

1 calorie = 4.184 J
1,000 J = 1 KJ
4,184 J = 1 Kcal = 1 Calorie
 Substance Specific
Heat
J/(g°C)
Water 4.184
Ethanol 2.44
Aluminum 0.897
Granite 0.803
Iron 0.449
 Learning
Check
A. A substance with a large specific heat
1) heats up quickly 2) heats up
slowly
B. When ocean water cools, the surrounding air
1) cools 2) warms 3) stays the same
C. Sand in the desert is hot in the day, and cool
at night. Sand must have a
1) high specific heat 2) low specific
heat
LecturePLUS Timberlake 99 10
 Equation:
q = c x m x ΔT
ΔT = Tfinal

– Tinitial

q = the heat absorbed or released

c = the specific heat of the substance
m = the mass of the sample in
1.) Copper metal has a specific heat (Cp) of
0.385 J/g⁰C. Calculate the amount of heat (J)
required to raise the temperature of 22.8 g of
copper from 20.0⁰C to 875⁰C.
2) What is the specific heat of a 25.0
g substance that absorbs 493.4 J,
and raises the temperature from 12.0⁰C
to 34⁰C?
3) It takes 1,250 J of energy to heat a certain
sample of pure silver from 12.0 0C to 15.2 0C.
Calculate the mass of the sample of silver.
Specific heat at constant pressure

cx ≡ δQ/ dT
First Law of Thermodynamics for quasi-static changes tells us that

δQ = dU + PdV.
Why do gases have two specific heats of Cp and
Cv while solids and liquids have only one?

• In general specific heat(C)  gives us an idea of the amount of energy(heat) we need

to provide to a system in order to bring about a unit rise in the temperature of the
system. It's value may vary depending on the process you are providing this
energy. Hence we have two values of C namely Cv and Cp .
• Cv for a gas is the change in internal energy (U) of a system with respect to change
in temperature at a fixed volume of the system i.e. Cv =(∂ U/∂ T)v  whereas Cp for a
gas is the change in the enthalpy (H) of the system with respect to change in
temperature at a fixed pressure of the system i.e Cp = (∂ H/∂ T)p.
• We know that, ΔH = ΔU + PΔV (+ VΔP, ΔP=0 for constant pressure) . So the
enthalpy term is  greater than the internal energy term because of the PΔV term i.e
in case of a constant pressure process more energy is needed, to be provided to the
system as compared to that of a constant volume process to achieve the same
temperature rise, as some energy is utilized in the expansion work of the system.
And the relation that correlates these two is Cp = Cv + R
• But since liquids and solids can practically assumed to be incompressible, C p and
Cv for them have almost same values and hence only a single value of specific heat