SOLUTIONS

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the session, you should be able to:
1. Describe the different types of solutions.
2. Use different ways of expressing concentration of solutions:
> percent by mass (%mass)
> percent by volume (%volume)
> molality (m)
> molarity (M)
> mole fraction
> parts per million (ppm)
MOTIVATION

Salt water
water with sand
SOLUTIONS

• are homogeneous mixtures

• composed of a solute and solvent
• may have one or more solutes dissolved in given amount of solvent.
COMPONENTS OF SOLUTION

• Solute - component present that is present in lesser quantity. The

substance that is being dissolved.

• Solvent - the component that is present in the largest quantity. The

substance that does the dissolving.
• Soluble - a substance that dissolves in another substance .- e.g salt and water

• Insoluble - a substance that does not dissolves in another substance.

AQUEOUS SOLUTION

• Solutions in which water (H2O) is the solvent.

TYPES OF SOLUTION
Solute Solvent Solution Examples

Gas Gas Gas Air (N2,O2, and other gases)

.
,
Gas Liquid Liquid Carbonated drinks (CO2 in water)

Liquid Liquid Liquid Vinegar (acetic acid in water)

Liquid Solid Solid Amlagam (mercury in silver)

Solid Solid Solid Bronze

Solid Liquid Liquid Sugar in water

 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
Types Example Solute Solvent

Gaseous Solution
Oxygen and other
Gas in gas Air gases nitrogen

Liquid Solution
Gas in Liquid Soda water Carbon dioxide Water
Liquid in liquid Antifreeze Ethylene glycol water
Solid in liquid Sea water Sodium chloride water

Solid Solution
Liquid in solid Dental amalgam Mercury Silver
Solid in solid Steel Carbon Iron
Gas in solid Charcoal filter Poisonous gases Carbon
 CLASSIFYING SOLUTION OF
ELECTROLYTE

• Electrolytes - which forms ion when dissolved in water (or other certain
solvents) and thus produce solutions that conduct electricity.

• Nonelectrolytes - solutions that contain neutral molecules.

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
• The concentration of a solution expresses the amount of solute present in a given
amount of solution.

• We can describe solutions as:

• Dilute - a solution contains a relatively small amount of solute.

• Concentrated - a solution contains a relatively large amount of solute.

CONCENTRATION UNITS

The following are the six methods to calculate the concentration of a solution:
1. Percent by Mass
2. Percent by Volume
3. Molarity or Molar concentration (M)
4.Molality ot Molal concentration (m)
5.Mole fraction (x)
6.Parts per million (ppm)
PERCENT BY MASS (WEIGHT)
Percent concentration (by mass), or % m/m, is the mass of solute divided by
the mass of solution, all multiplied by 100.

Mathematically express by;

percent by mass = mass of solute x 100%

mass of solution
PERCENT BY MASS (WEIGHT)

percent by mass = mass of solute x 100%

mass of solute + mass of solvent
PROBLEM SAMPLE #1.1
If 28.5 grams of Calcium hydroxide is dissolved in enough water to make
185 grams of solution. Calculate the percent concentration (%mass) of
calcium hydroxide in the solution.
Given: mass of solute = 28.5 g Ca(OH)2
total mass of solution = 185g
Required: %mass of Ca(OH)2 in the solution
solution: %m/m = 28.5g Ca(OH)2 X 100% = 15.4%
185g sol'n
Answer: 15.4% of Ca(OH)2 in the solution
LET'S DO IT!

If 7.5 grams of sodium nitrate is dissolved in 85.0 ml of water, calculate the

percent contration (%mass) of sodium nitrate in the solution.
Given:
Required:
Solution:
Answer:
ANSWER:
basis: density of water is 1.00 g/ml
85 ml x 1.0 g/ml = 85 g H2O

% by mass = ______7.5g NaNO3______ x 100 %

7.5 g NaNO3 + 85 g H20
= 7.5 g NaNO3 x 100%
92.5 g sol'n
= 8.1% of NaNO3 in the sol'n
PERCENT BY VOLUME
For liquid solutions, % v/v is used to express their concentrations. Percent
concentration (by volume), is defined as the volume of the solute per 100 parts
by volume of solution. Mathematically express by;

percent by volume = volume of solute x 100%

volume of solution
this is widely used in determining the alcohol content of alcoholic drinks. the
amount of alohol in alcoholic beverages is expressed as the proof number.
Alcohol proof number is 2 multiplied by %v/v
PROBLEM SAMPLE #1.2
A solution is prepared by mixing 50ml of C2H5OH in 300ml of distilled water.
What is the %v/v concentration if the the proof number of the solution is 2 (%v/v)?
Given: volume of solute = 50 ml
volume solvent = 300ml
Required: percent concentration by volume
solution: %v/v = 50 ml x 100%
350 ml
Answer: 14.28%
Proof no. = 2(14.28)= 28.56
LET'S DO IT!
A wine contains 12% alcohol by volume. Calculate the number of milliliters
of alcohol in 350 ml of the wine.

Given:
Required:
Solution;
Answer:
ANSWER:
Solution:
% volume = volume of solute x 100%
vol. of sol'n
12% = X x 100
350ml
12% (350ml) = X (100%)
(12%)(350ml) / (100%) = X
x = 42ml
MOLALITY OR MOLAL CONCENTRATION

The molality (m) of a concentration of a solution is the number of moles in

exactly 1 kilogram of solvent. Molality maybe calculated by dividing the moles
of solute in a solution by the mass of the solvent in kilograms.

Molality (m) = moles of solute

kilogram of solvent
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 1.3
Calculate the molality of a solution prepared from 29.22 grams of NaCl in
2.00 kg of water?
Given: 29.22 g NaCl
2.00 kg H2O
Required: molality (m)
Solution: m = moles of solute/ kg. of solvent
CONTINUATION
Solution: 29.22g NaCl x 1 mole NaCl = 0.50 moles
58.44 gNaCl

m = 0.50 moles = 0.25 moles or 0.25 m

2.00 kg kg
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1.4
How much NaOH is needed to prepare 0.5m solution using 500g of water
(H2O)?
Soluton: 500 g x 1 kg = 0.5 kg
1000g
0.5 moles x 40 grams x 0.5 kg
kg 1 mole
LET'S DO IT!

A solution is prepared by dissolving 10.00 g sucrose (MM of

sucrose = 343g) in 50 g of water. Calculate the molality (m).
ANSWER:
Convert grams to mole: (solute)
10 g C12H22O11 x 1 mol = 0.03 mol

343 g
Convert grams to kg: (solvent)
50 g H2O x 1Kg = 0.05 kg
1000 g
Calculate molality (m):
m = 0.03 mol = 0.6 mol or 0.6m
0.05 kg kg
MOLARITY OR MOLAR CONCENTRATION

• Molarity (M) refers to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution:
M= moles of solute
liter solution
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 1.5
Calculate the molar concentration of a solution that contains 15g of Potassium
hydroxide in 225 ml of solution.
Given; total amount of sol'n = 225ml
mass of solute = 15g KOH
Required: molar conc. or Molarity (M)
Formula: M = moles of solute
liter sol'n
CONT.
Solution: Calculate the molar weight of KOH;
K = 39
O = 16
H=1
56 g/mol Convert ml to Liter:
225ml x 1.0 L = 0.225L
1000ml
CONT.

15 g KOH x 1 mol KOH x 1000ml = 1.2 mol or 1.2 M

225 ml 56 g KOH 1.0L L

---------------------- OR-----------------------
15 g KOH x 1mol KOH
56 g KOH = 1.2 mol or 1.2 M
225 ml x 1.O L L
1000ml
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 1.6
How do we determine the molarity of a solution containing 4.0 grams of
NaOH in 200 ml of Sol'n?
Given: mass of solute 4.0 g NaOH
vol. of Sol'n = 200 ml
Solution: Calc. the molar mass of NaOH
Na = 23
O = 16
H=1
MM = 40 g/mol
CONT.
Calculate mole of NaOH :
4.0g NaOH x 1 mol NaOH = 0.1 mol
40 g NaOH
Change the unit of Vol. ( ml to L)
200 ml x 1.o L = 0. 2 L
1000ml
Calculate the molarity:
M = 0.1 mol = 0.5 M
0. 2 L
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1.7
Calculate the number of grams of Calcium nitrate, Ca (NO3)2

necessary to prepare 450 ml of 2.25 M solution.

ANSWER:
Solution: Calculate the molar mass of Ca (NO3)2
Ca = 40 x1 = 40g
N = 14 x 2 = 28g
O = 16 x 6 = 96g
164 g/mol
thus; 164 g Ca(NO3)2 = 1 mol
CONT.
2.25 M = 2.25 mol
L

2.25 mol x 164 g x 450 ml x 1L = 166g Ca(NO3)2

L 1 mol 1000 ml
SAMPLE PROBLEM # 1.8
How many moles of sucrose are dissolved in 250 ml of solution if the solution
concentration is 0.150 M?

0.150 mol x 0.250 L =0.04 mol

L
MOLE FRACTION (X)
• The mole fraction, (x) of a component in a solution is equal to the number of
moles of that component divided by the total number of moles of all
components present.

Mole fraction of A = XA = moles A

moles A + moles B
Mole fraction of B = XB = moles B

moles A + moles B
MOLE FRACTION (X)

• The sum of the mole fractions of all components in a solution will

always be equal to ONE.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1.9

A solution was prepared by dissolving 100 grams of NaCl in 900 grams of

water. What are the mole fractions of the components of the solution?
Given: mass of solute (NaCl) = 100 g
mass of solvent (H2O) = 900 g
Required: mole fractions
Solution;
STEP 1: Find the molar mass of NaCl and H2O.
Na = 23 H = 1 (2) = 2
Cl = 35.5 O = 16 (1)= 16
58.5 g/mol 18 g/mol
STEP 2: Calculate the number of moles in 100g NaCl and 900 g of H2O.
Moles of NaCl100gNaCl x 1 mol NaCl = 1.7 mol
58.5 g NaCl
Moles of H2O 900 g H2O x 1 mol H2O = 50 mol
18 g
STEP 3: Solve for the mole fractions of NaCl and H2O.

mole fraction of NaCl = 1.7 mol = 0.03

1.7 mol + 50 mol

mole fraction of H2O = 50 mol = 0.97

1.7 mol + 50 mol
Check: 0.03
0.97
1.00
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2.0

Calculate the mole fraction of each component in a solution

containing 42g CH3OH, 35g C2H5OH, and 50g C3H7OH.
PARTS PER MILLION
parts per million (ppm) is a unit for expressing very dilute concentrations. It is
commonly used to express the concentration of pollutants in air or in water.

is defined by the equation,

ppm of component = volume of component x 106ppm
total volume of sol'n
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2.1
if 100 L of a gas mixture over a metropolitan area contains 0.0060 L of CO,
What is the concentration in ppm of CO present?
Solution:
ppm = vol. of pure gas x 106 ppm
total vol. of gas mixture
= 0.0060 L x 106 ppm
100 L
= 60 ppm
PARTS PER MILLION

parts per million = grams of solute x 1,000,000

grams of solution
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2.2
What is the concentration of a solution, in parts per million (ppm) , if 0.02
grams of NaCl is dissolved in 1000grams of solution?
Solution:
ppm = 0.02 grams x 1,000,000 ppm
1000 grams
= 20 ppm
ACTIVITY

1.) A solution was made by dissolving 800.0 grams of NaOH in 2.00 L of

water (H2O). Calculate the following: (you will need the density of water)

(a) molality
(b) mole fraction
(c) % mass
(d) ppm of NaOH in this sol'n
Thank You
for listening!
REFERENCES:

• Breaking Through General Chemistry 2 by C&E Pblishing

• General Chemistry 2 Rex Bookstore
• https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/Booktterfly/quantitative-expressions-of-
the-concentration-of-solutions