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m The objective of NAS Implementation is to develop the
operational infrastructure to support the certification
process for satellite navigation and provide the technical
basis for the development of GPS operational procedures
for all phases of flight.

m NAS Implementation communicates and cooperates with

numerous governmental and non-governmental agencies
to pave the way for a smooth transition to satellite
navigation.
„
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m î TYPES
m ILS - Instrument Landing System
m MLS - Microwave Landing System
m WAAS -Wide Area Augmentation System
m LAAS - Local Area Augmentation System



m Instrument Landing System
m 2 separate systems Ȃ one vertical guidance and one
horizontal guidance systems

m Localizer antenna located at the end of the runway Ȃ 2

signals transmitted on a carrier frequency between 108
MHz and 111.975 MHz

m Localizer receiver on the aircraft measures difference in

depth of modulation Ȃ when the difference is 0 the
localizer is in line with the center line of the runway
m Glideslope antenna array is sited to one side of the
runway touchdown zone Ȃ follows the path of an
aircraft down the center of the runway.

m The GS signal is transmitted on a carrier frequency

between 328.6 MHz and 335.î MHz

m uses a technique similar to that of the localizer



 




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m Microwave Landing System
m developed by FAA NASA and the Department of
Defense

m designed to provide precision navigation guidance for

exact alignment and descent of aircraft on approach to a
runway.

m provides azimuth (The angle of rotation (horizontal)

that a ground based parabolic antenna ), elevation and
distance
m supplements ILS Ȃ has both vertical and horizontal
guidance systems

m MLS use suspended by FAA in 199î in support of

then new WAAS technology

 
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m Wide Area Augmentation System
m a GPS-based navigation and landing system that is
meant to improve safety by providing precision guidance
to aircraft for all phases of flight at thousands of airports
and landing strips where there is no ground- based
landing capability

m consists of 25 ground reference stations, 2 leased

geostationary satellites, 2 master stations, and î uplink
stations.

m The ground reference stations are strategically

positioned across the United States to collect GPS
satellite data.
m designed to improve the accuracy, integrity, and
availability of information coming from GPS satellites
and to correct signal errors caused by solar storms,
timing, and satellite errors.

m provides curved precision approach paths in order to

avoid obstacles, restricted airspace, noise-sensitive
areas, and congested airspace.
W 
m 25 ground stations through out the United States Ȃ
compare GPS signal with known coordinates

m Report to WAAS Master Station Ȃ sends singal to WAAS

satellite

m WAAS satellite sends signal back to plane

m GPS receiver adds the correction factor to the GPS signals

to derive a corrected GPS signal which is far more accurate
than the original GPS signal.
W
 
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m Signal often affected by cloudy weather

m Signal affected by Dzjammingdz Ȃ not so much a problem

anymore with new technologies, but was a problem at the
start of GPS landing systems

m System can only cover a limited amount of the country due

to possible receiver locations Ȃ however this percentage has
reached 99% of the country


m Local Area Augmentation System
m A precision approach and landing system that relies on
the Global Positioning System (GPS) to broadcast highly
accurate information to aircraft on the final phases of a
flight.

m being developed specifically to augment GPS satellites to

support precision approaches and landing capability to
aircraft operating within a 20- to 30-mile radius of the
airport.

m LAAS approaches will be designed to avoid obstacles,

restricted airspace, noise-sensitive areas, or congested
airspace.
W 
m The Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) will augment
the Global Positioning System to provide an all-weather
approach, landing, and surface navigation capability.

m focuses its service on a local area (approximately a 20-30

mile radius), such as an airport, and broadcasts its
correction message via a very high frequency (VHF) radio
data link from a ground-based transmitter.

 
 

m Dnly covers 20-30 miles around a single airport Ȃ WAAS
covers much more of the country and is much more
effective

m VHF uplink signal currently slated to share the frequency

band from 108 MHz to 118 MHz with existing ILS localizer
Ȃ users will have to own more than one set of radio gear to
operate the system.

m potential for a single point of failure Ȃ caused by weather,

solar activity, or jamming Ȃ airports with LAAS have no
back
 
„
m Auto-pilot can already do take-offs, and in-flight
performance Ȃ the one untested area is landings

m When automated landings are perfected, un-piloted flights

may become a reality.

m LAAS has brought automated landings into possibility Ȃ

with 1 meter accuracy as opposed to the 100 meter accuracy
of less than 15 years ago
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m WAAS and LAAS, or a combination of the two are bringing
ever closer the idea of unmanned flight Ȃ both in the
military and civilian realms

m Greatly reduces the risk of terrorism involving planes, but

also puts human lives in the hands of robots

m Not yet at the level where we can abandon pilots

m New LAAS system Ȃ if it is ever implemented would make

it possible to have un-piloted flights


m Tactical Automated Landing System
m currently the only commercially-oriented automated
landing system
m Not available for commercial use but currently in
development for commercial use
m Designed by the army to reduce dangers of landing at
night, but becoming more and more commercially
oriented
m Could be used in planes as early as 1212 Ȃ radar landing
system dependent on LAAS technology


- Technology has gotten much better in the past 10 years.

- LAAS accuracy can not be beat, but WAAS coverage can

not be beat.

- Final system likely to have LAAS at major airports with

WAAS around the rest of the country