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Theories of Economic Development: The Liberal Paradigm
Theories of Economic Development: The Liberal Paradigm
Development
The Liberal Paradigm
Today’s Agenda
• Review: Neo-Liberalism, Casino Capitalism, demise of the welfare state, the
Transformation of International Institutions
• Is the World Developing or Underdeveloped?
– The good news: Growth and aggregate improvement in human welfare indicators
– The bad news: inequality and a growing gap between rich and poor
• Liberal views on development and explanations for the growing gap
• A. Rostow and Stages
• B. Liberalism and integration into the international economy:
– Staples Theory (Trade)
– Product cycle (MNC),
– Institutions (Washington Consensus)
• Technology diffuses
• Innovative firm loses competitive edge as
technology becomes available
• Advantage shifts to foreign production to
replace exports and hold market share
• Innovative firm establishes foreign branches
The Standardized Phase
• Production fully routine
• Comparative advantage shifts to the
developing country
• Export platforms develop
So….is there a symbiotic relationship between the MNC
product cycle and global economic development?
Now….there are many sources of
innovation…..
Research and Development
High Tech Exports
Role of International Institutions: Washington
Consensus on conditions for loans and aid
• Internal liberalization of Markets
• Integration into the world Economy
• Reduction of extensive government programs
because they…….
– Tend of allocate funds to non-productive activities
– Entrepreneurs can’t find funding
– Create wrong incentives
– Stimulate pressure for trade protection
So why do many countries stagnate and
show little or no economic growth?
• External connections like trade and
investment are important, but that’s not all…..
• There are internal requirements for
developmet as well….
• Traditional culture must give way to modern
culture….
Tradition and Modernity
Tradition Example Modernity example
collective unit of Religion, ethnic Individual as the U.S. Bill of Rights,
social organization group, tribe unit of social
organization
Personal ties family, tribe Pragmatic and markets,
govern social functional ties professions,
organization and govern behavior. associations
behavior
essentialist ethnic identity, Multideminsional
identity religious identity, Individual identity
Identity derived ethnic clensing, Free choice of See above
from mystical identity
principles
Ascriptive Kingdoms, families Functional Parliaments,
hierarchies, hierarchies
Democracy and Markets
• Democracy and markets encourage each
other: political and economic freedom are
two sides of the same coin
Summary of Liberal Theories of Development
Internal External
•Human Capital •Opportunities to Catch Up
•Entrepreneurial Spirit •Foreign Investments
•Efficient Government •Trade
Stimulants •Savings •Aid
•Research and Development
•Investments
= Modern Society
•Political Instability •Trade Barriers in the
•Corruption North
•Traditional Society •Absence of project
finance
Hindrances •Absence of Balance of
Payments finance
Conclusion
• Smith, Friedman, Rostow…. “not to worry”
• People will act rationally
• Capital will be accumulated
• If markets are allowed to operate, they will
take care of the rest
• Long live the invisible hand!