Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gastrointestinal System 2016
Gastrointestinal System 2016
Gastrointestinal System 2016
CERNA
Amiruddin Eso
Department of Physiology
Faculty of Medicine
Halu Oleo University
STRUCTURE
• Structure of gastrointestinal system
– Gastrointestinal tract; oral cavity,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, rectum, and
anal canal
– Accessory organs; tounge, teeth,
salivary glands, liver, and gall bladder
FUNCTION
• Breaking down food and supplying the
body with the water, electrolytes, and
nutrients to sustain life.
• Before can be used, food must be:
– ingested
– digested
– absorbed
• All of these processes involve
coordinated movement of muscle and
secretion of various substances
INGESTION
TONGUE
TEETH
ACCESSORY SALIVARY GLANDS
ORGANS PANCREAS
LIVER
GALL BLADDER
INGESTION
SECRETION
FUNCTION DIGESTION
MOVEMENT
ABSORPTION
MOTILITY OF GI TRACT
• The basic mechanisms of GI movement is
peristaltis. Peristaltis is a coordinated pattern of
smooth muscle contraction and relaxation
• Peristaltis helps move food through the paharynx
and esophagus and within the stomach. Peristaltis
plays a minor role in propelling food through the
intestine
• During peristaltis, contraction of small section of
proximal muscle is followed immediately by
relaxation of the muscle just distal to it. The
resulting wavelike motion.
Electrical Activity and Regulation
of Motility
• The smooth muscle of GI tract has spontaneous
rhytmic fluctuations (basic electrical rhytm; BER)
which is initiated by the interstitial cells of Cajal
• The rate of BER is 4/min in the stomach, 12/min in
duodenum and fall to about 8/min in distal ileum
• Spike potensials playing important role in BER
• Ionic basis of spike potentials is due to Ca2+ influx,
and K+ efflux
• Many neurotransmitter and hormone affect the BER.
Acetylcholine increases BER and Epinephrine
decrease BER
Basic Electrical Activity (BER) of
Gastrointestinal Sooth Muscle
Migrating Motor Complex
• Modification of motor activity during fasting
between periods of digestion
• Each cycle of this activity starts with quiescent
period (phase I), continues with period of
irregular activity (phase II), and ends with a burst
of regular activity (phase III)
• MMCs migrate at a rate of about 5 cm/min, with
interval of 90 minutes
• The function of MMC is to clear the stomach and
small intestine luminal contents in preparation of
the next meal
• MMC immediately stopped by ingestion
Migrating Motor Complexes
Stomach
III Meal
II
I
Propagatian
rate 5cm/min
Distal
Ileum
90 minute
MASTICATION
Function of Mastication
Functional components
• The three functional parts of the stomach are
the fundus, corpus, and antrum
• Gastric contents are isolated from other parts
of the GI tract by the lower esophageal
sphincter proximally and by the pylorus
distally
• The antrum and pylorus are anatomically
continous and respond to nervous control as a
unit
MOTILITY OF STOMACH
Musculature
• Each muscle layer forms a functional
syncytium and therefore acts as a unit
• In the fundus, where the layers are relatively
thin, strength of contraction is weak; in the
antrum, where the muscle layers are thick,
strength of contraction is strong
• The stomach and duodenum are divided by a
thickened muscle layer called the pyloric
sphincter
MOTILITY OF STOMACH
Innervation
• Intrinsic innervation directly responsible for
peristaltis
– The myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s) is located
between the layers of the circular and longitudinal
muscles of the stomach
– The submucosal plexus (Meissner’s) is located
between the layers of the circular muscle and
mucosa on the luminal surface of the stomach
• Extrinsic through autonomic nervous system:
– Sympathetic, via the celiac plexus (inhibits motility)
– Parasympathetic, via the vagus nerve (stimulates
motility)
Function of Motility
Gastric motility serves three basic function
• Storage. When food enters the stomach, the upper
region - primarily fundus - enlarges to
accommodate the food by receptive relaxation
• Mixing. Combination of peristaltis and
retropulsion mixes the food with acid and
enzymes. When the food is mixed into pasty
consistency, it is called chyme
• Emptying. When the chyme is broken down into
small enough particles, it is propelled through the
pyloric sphincter into intestine
Function of Motility
Receptive relaxation
• Initiated as apart of the peristaltic process
causing swallowing and esophageal motility or
in response to food entering the stomach
• Strecth receptors in the upper portion of
stomach detect the presence of food and
initiate a vago-vagal reflex producing relaxation
• This process regulate by postganglionic fibers
within the enteric nervous system release a
noncholinergic nonadrenergic transmitter, may
be ATP or VIP
Function of Motility
Peristaltis
• Produced by periodic change in BER originate
in a pace maker within longitudinal muscle
• BER or slow wave occur at a rate of
approximately 3-4/min and velocity is 1 cm/sec
at the corpus and increase to 3-4 cm/sec in the
antrum
• Ca2+ play an important role in BER, and the
force of peristaltis contractions is regulated by
gastrin and acetylcholine
Function of Motility
Retropulsion
Gastric emptying
• Each time the chime pushed against the pyloric
sphincter, a small amount (2-7 ml) may escape
into duodenum
• The amount of chyme passing the pylorus
depends on the size of the particles
• Liquids empty much faster than solids. The rate
of liquids emptying is proportional to pressure
within the upper portion of stomach, which
increase slowly during the digestive period
Function Disorder of Motility
Vomiting or emesis
• Initiation
– The vomiting center. Directly activated by afferent
fibers or by irritation due to injury or increases in
intracranial pressure
– Chemoreceptor trigger zone. Activated by afferent
nerves originating within the GI tract or by
circulating emetic agents
• Mechanical sequence of vomiting
– Begins with deep inspirasion followed by the closing
of the glottis
– Intestine propels chyme into upper region of stomach
– Increase in abdominal pressure forces the chyme into
esophagus and out of the mouth
Vomiting Reflex
INTESTINAL MOTILITY
Contractile activity
Types of movements
Irawan Yusuf
Department of Physiology
INTRODUCTION
• Throughout the gastrointestinal tract secretory
glands serve two primary function;
– To produce digestive enzymes;
– To provide mucus for lubrication and protection
• Most digestive secretions are formed only in
response to the presence of food in the
gastrointestinal tract
• The types of enzyme and its component are
varied according to the types of food present.
Daily Secretion of Gastrointestinal Fluid
Total 6700
Hormonal Control
• Secretin (from increased HCl in duodenum)
– stimulates fluid and electrolyte secretion
• CCK (from increased fatty acids, peptides,
amino acids)
– stimulates release of enzymes
Nervous System
• Parasympathetic input
– initiates secretion during cephalic and gastric phases
Thank You