The Reproductive Systems

Amiruddin Eso
Physiology Departement
Faculty of Medicine
Halu Oleo niversity
Sasaran Pembelajaran
Menjelaskan proses meiosis.
Dapat menjelaskan diploid dan haploid.
Dapat membedakan spermatogenesis dan
oogenesis
Dapat menyebutkan hormon penting untuk
pembentukan gamet dan menjelaskan
fungsinya.
Sasaran Pembelajaran
• Menjelaskan lokasi dan fungsi testis
• Menjelaskan fungsi epididimis epididymis, ductus
deferens, ejaculatory duct, dan urethra.
• Menjelaskan fungsi seminal vesicles, prostate
gland, dan bulbourethral glands.
• Menjelaskan komposisi semen dan menjelaskan
mengapa pH harus basa
• Menyebutkan bagian-bagian sel sperma dan
fungsinya masing-masing.
Sasaran Pembelajaran
• Menjelaskan fungsi ovarium, tuba fallopi, uterus
dan vagina.
• Menjelaskan struktur dan fungsi myometrium
dan endometrium.
• Menjelaskan struktur dan fungsi kelenjar mamma
dan hormon yang terlibat dalam laktasi
• Menjelaskan siklus mensruasi, hormon yang
terlibat dan perubahan dalam ovarium dan
endometrium.
 Reproductive Systems
Purpose:
 Produce gametes (egg
and sperm),
 to ensure fertilization,
 to provide a site for the
embryo-fetus (and in
women )
Meiosis (in a man)
The cell division process that produces gametes.
One cell with the diploid number of chromosomes (46)
divides twice to form four cells, each with the haploid
number of chromosomes (23).
Spermatogenesis takes place in the testes; a
continuous process from puberty throughout life; each
primary spermatocyte produces four functional sperm
(see Fig).
FSH and testosterone are directly necessary (see
Table).

The structure of a mature sperm cell
Spermatogenesis.
The processes of mitosis and
meiosis are shown. For each primary
spermatocyte that undergoes meiosis, four
functional sperm cells are formed.
HORMONES OF
MALE REPRODUCTION
Meiosis (in a woman)
Oogenesis takes place in the ovaries; the
process is cyclical (every 28 days) from
puberty until menopause;
each primary oocyte produces one functional
ovum and three non-functional polar bodies
(see Fig).
FSH, LH, and estrogen are necessary (see
Table).
Oogenesis. The processes of mitosis and meiosis are shown.
For each primary oocyte that undergoes meiosis, only one
functional ovum is formed.
HORMONES OF FEMALE REPRODUCTION
Male Reproductive System (1)
Consists of the testes
and the ducts
and glands that
contribute to the
formation of semen
Testes
 Testes (paired)
 located in the scrotum between the upper
thighs;
 Temperature in the scrotum is 96F to permit
production of viable sperm.
 Sperm are produced in seminiferous tubules
(see Fig)
(A) Midsagittal section of portion of a testis;
the epididymis is on the posterior
side of the testis.
(B) Cross-section through a seminiferous
tubule showing development
of sperm.
 Sperm cell
• A sperm cell consists of
the head, which contains
23 chromosomes;
• the middle piece, which
contains mitochondria;
the flagellum for motility;
• and the acrosome on the
tip of the head to digest
the membrane of the egg
cell (see Fig)
Male Reproductive System
Epididymis (paired)—a long coiled tube on the
posterior surface of each testis.
Sperm complete their maturation here.
Ductus deferens (paired)—extends from the
epididymis into the abdominal cavity through
the inguinal canal, over and down behind the
urinary bladder to join the ejaculatory duct.
Smooth muscle in the wall contracts in waves
of peristalsis.
(A) Midsagittal section of portion of a testis;
the epididymis is on the posterior
side of the testis.
(B) Cross-section through a seminiferous
tubule showing development
of sperm.
Male Reproductive System
Ejaculatory ducts (paired)—receive sperm from
the ductus deferens and the secretions from
the seminal vesicles; empty into the urethra.
Seminal vesicles (paired)—posterior to urinary
bladder; duct of each opens into ejaculatory
duct. Secretion contains fructose to nourish
sperm and is alkaline to enhance sperm
motility.
Male Reproductive System
Prostate gland (single)—below the urinary
bladder, encloses the first inch of the urethra;
Secretion is alkaline to maintain sperm motility;
Smooth muscle contributes to the force
required for ejaculation.
Bulbourethral glands (paired)—below the
prostate gland; empty into the urethra;
secretion is alkaline to line the urethra prior to
ejaculation.
Male Reproductive System
Urethra (single)—within the penis; carries semen
to exterior. The penis contains three masses of
erectile tissue that have blood sinuses.
Sexual stimulation and parasympathetic impulses
cause dilation of the penile arteries and an
erection.
Ejaculation of semen involves peristalsis of all
male ducts and contraction of the prostate
gland and pelvic floor.
Male Reproductive System
Semen—composed of sperm and the secretions
of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and
bulbourethral glands.
The alkaline pH (7.4) neutralizes the acidic pH
of the female vagina.
Female Reproductive System
Consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus,
vagina, and external genitals
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries (paired)—located on either side of the
uterus. Egg cells are produced in ovarian follicles;
each ovum contains 23 chromosomes. Ovulation of
a graafia follicle is stimulated by LH
Fallopian tubes (paired)—each extends from an
ovary to the uterus fimbriae sweep the ovum into
the tube; ciliated epithelial tissue and peristalsis of
smooth muscle propel the ovum toward the uterus;
fertilization usually takes place in the fallopian tube.
l
Female Reproductive System
Uterus (single)—superior to the urinary bladder and between
the two ovaries (see Fig. 20–5). Myometrium is the smooth
muscle layer that contracts for delivery (see Fig. 20–6).
Endometrium is the lining which may become the placenta;
basilar layer is permanent; functional layer is lost in
menstruation and regenerated. Parts: upper fundus, central
body, and lower cervix.
Vagina (single)—extends from the cervix to the vaginal orifice.
Receives sperm during intercourse; serves as exit for menstrual
blood and as the birth canal during delivery. Normal flora
provide an acidic pH that inhibits the growth of pathogens.
Female reproductive system shown in a
midsagittal section through the pelvic cavity.
Female Reproductive System
External genitals —also called the vulva.
The clitoris is a small mass of erectile tissue
that responds to sexual stimulation;
labia majora and minora are paired folds of
skin that enclose the vestibule and cover the
urethral and vaginal openings;
Bartholin’s glands open into the vaginal orifice
and secrete mucus.
Female reproductive system shown in a
midsagittal section through the pelvic cavity.
Mammary Glands
Anterior to the pectoralis major muscles,
surrounded by adipose tissue
Mammary Glands
1. Alveolar glands produce milk; lactiferous
ductsn converge at the nipple.
2. Hormonal regulation (in mammary glands)
The Menstrual Cycle
Average is 28 days; includes the hormones FSH, LH, estrogen,
and progesterone, and changes in the ovaries and
endometrium
1. Menstrual phase—loss of the endometrium.
2. Follicular phase—several ovarian follicles develop;
ovulation is the rupture of a mature follicle;
blood vessels grow in the endometrium.
3. Luteal phase—the ruptured follicle becomes the corpus
luteum; the endometrium continues to develop.
4. If fertilization does not occur, decreased progesterone results
in the loss of the endometrium in menstruation.
 Figure: The menstrual cycle.
The levels of the important hormones are shown
relative to one another throughout the cycle.
Changes in the ovarian follicle are depicted.
The relative thickness of the endometrium is also
shown.
Thank You