GROUP 3

BSEE-
1103

GROUP
THEORY
Introduction to
Another important topics in the field of
mathematics is what we called a group theory
Groups
and of course, this could be important and very
useful tool in teaching some topics in
mathematics.
EXAMPLE 1: MODULAR ARITHMETIC
EXAMPLE 2: SYMMETRIES OF A
TRIANGLE
EXAMPLE 3: INTEGERS UNDER +
Common Among the Three
Examples
Common Among the Three
Examples
Common Among the Three
Examples
 Now, what is a GROUP?
An algebraic system is a set of
elements along with one or more
operations for combining the elements.
The real numbers with the operations of
addition and multiplication are an
example of an algebraic system.
Mathematicians classify this particular
system as a field.
 Definition : Group
A group is a set of elements, with one operation and it must satisfy
the following four properties:

PROPERTY 1 PROPERTY 2
01 The set is close with respect
to the operation. For all a, b
02 The operation satisfies
the associative law. For all
 G, then a b  G. Note a, b, c  G, then (a  b)  c
that the operation would be +
or • or in general .
= a  (b  c).

PROPERTY 3 PROPERTY 4
03 There must be an identity
04 Each element has an
element. For every e  G, inverse. For each a  G
such that e  a = a  e = a then for every a^-1  G,
for all a  G. such that a  a^-1 = a^-1 
 a = e.
 Example 1:
The binary operator addition mod 5, denoted

01 by  is defined on the set Z = {0,1,2,3,4}.

Complete the table and show that (Z, ) is a
group.

P1: (Z, +) is closed since all members of the Cayley Table are in Z.
P2: In number theory, (a + b) + c mod n = a + (b + c) mod n. Hence, it is
associative
P3: The identity element is 0, e = 0.
P4: Each element has an inverse. 0^-1 = 0; 1^-1 = 4; 2^-1 = 3; 3^-1 = 2; 4^-1 = 1

Since all the properties satisfied, hence it is a group.

So, For all n  N, the integers mod n, which we denote Zn, forms a group
under addition. Then, the identity is 0, and the inverse of x is −x.
 Example 2:
Show that the integers with addition as the

02 operation form a group.

P1. Let a, b  Z. Now, a + b  Z and (–a) + (– b)  Z. Hence it is closed under

addition.
P2. Let a, b, and c are element of an integer. The associative property of addition
holds true for the integers,i.e. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c).
P3. Let Z = {…-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…}. The identity element of Z is 0 and 0 is an
integer. Hence, there is an identity for addition.
P4. Let Z = {…-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…}. Each element of Z has an inverse, i.e. if a  Z,
then –a is the inverse of a.

Because each of the four conditions of a group is satisfied, the integers with
addition as the operation form a group or (Z, +) is a group.
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!
GODBLESS.