GEED 10053: Mathematics

in the Modern World

Cynthia P. Equiza
Professor

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TOPIC OUTLINE

▪ Patterns and Numbers in Nature

▪ Fibonacci Sequence

▪ Mathematics for Our World

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What is Mathematics?

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▪ Mathematics is a branch of science, which deals with numbers and their
operations.

▪ It involves calculations, computation, solving of problems, etc.

▪ Mathematics helps us to organize and systemize our ideas about patterns,

in so doing, not only can we admire and enjoy these patterns, we can also
use them to infer some of the underlying principles that govern the world
of nature.

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2
Patterns and Numbers in Nature

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“Mathematics is a study of patterns and relationship, a way of
thinking, an art, a language, and a tool. It is about patterns
and relationships. Numbers are just a way to express those
patterns and relationships.”

— National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1991)

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PATTERN
A pattern is an arrangement which
helps observers anticipate what they
might see or what happens next.

A pattern also shows what may have

come before.

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Natural patterns include symmetries, fractals, spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tessellations,
cracks, and spots & stripes. Studying patterns allows one to watch, guess, create, and discover.
The present mathematics is considerably more than arithmetic, algebra, and geometry.

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A. SYMMETRY
Symmetry can be found everywhere. It can be
seen from different viewpoints namely; nature,
the arts and architecture, mathematics; especially
geometry and science.

Symmetry occurs when there is congruence in

dimensions, due proportions and arrangement. It
provides a sense of harmony and balance.

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TYPES OF SYMMETRY
1. Bilateral or reflection symmetry is the simplest kind of symmetry. It can also be called mirror
symmetry because an object with this symmetry looks unchanged if a mirror passes through its
middle.

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TYPES OF SYMMETRY
2. Radial symmetry is rotational symmetry around a fixed point known as the center. Images with
more than one lines of symmetry meeting at a common point exhibits a radial symmetry.

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OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF SYMMETRIC PATTERNS
Rosette patterns consist of taking motif or an element and rotating and/or reflecting that element.
There are two types of rosette patterns namely cyclic and dihedral.

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 OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF SYMMETRIC PATTERNS
Frieze pattern is a pattern in which a basic motif repeats itself over and over in one direction. It
extends to the left and right in a way that the pattern can be mapped onto itself by a horizontal
translation.
7 TYPES:

1. Hop - only admits a translational symmetry.

2. Step - only admits a translational and glide symmetries.

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 OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF SYMMETRIC PATTERNS
3. Sidle - only admits translations and vertical reflections.

4. Spinning Hop - only admits translations and 180◦ rotations (half-turns).

5.Spinning Sidle - only admits translations, vertical reflections, rotations, and glide reflections.

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 OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF SYMMETRIC PATTERNS
6. Jump - only admits translations, a horizontal reflection, and glide reflection.

7. Spinning Jump - admits translations, vertical reflections, horizontal reflections, rotations, and
glide reflections.

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OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF SYMMETRIC PATTERNS
Wallpaper pattern is a pattern with translation symmetry in two directions. It is, therefore,
essentially an arrangement of friezes stacked upon one another to fill the entire plane.

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Symmetry in everyday language refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion and
balance. In mathematics, "symmetry" has a more precise definition, and is usually used to refer to
an object that is invariant under some transformations; including translation, reflection, rotation or
scaling. Although these two meanings of "symmetry" can sometimes be told apart, they are
intricately related.

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B. TESSELLATION
A tessellation is a pattern of one or more shapes where the shapes do not overlap or have no space
between them.

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C. WAVES
As waves in water or wind pass over sand, they create patterns of ripples. When winds blow over
large bodies of sand, they create dunes, sometimes in extensive ...

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D. FRACTALS
Fractals are never-ending patterns. The beauty of fractals is that their infinite complexity is formed through the repetition of simple
equations. These repeating patterns are displayed at every scale.

A fractal is a kind of pattern that we observe often in nature and in art. As Ben Weiss explains, “whenever you observe a series of
patterns repeating over and over again, at many different scales, and where any small part resembles the whole, that’s a fractal.

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E. SPIRAL
A spiral is a curved pattern that focuses on a center point and a series of circular shapes that revolve around it. Examples of spirals
are pine cones, pineapples, hurricanes. The reason for why plants use a spiral form like the leaf picture below is because they are
constantly trying to grow but stay secure.

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F. MEANDERS,FLOW,CHAOS
The relationship between chaos and fractals is that strange attractors in chaotic systems have a fractal dimension. ... Meanders are
bends in a sinuous form that appears as rivers or other channels, which form as a fluid, most often water, flows around bends. Chaos
is the study of how simple patterns can be generated from complicated underlying behavior.
Many events were considered to be chaotic, unpredictable and random. The dripping of a tap, the weather, the formation of clouds,
the fibrillation of the human heart, the turbulence of fluid flows or the movement of a simple pendulum under the influence of a
number of magnets are a few examples.

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G. SPOTS, STRIPES
Leopards and ladybirds are spotted; angelfish and zebras are striped.
These patterns have an evolutionary explanation: they have functions which increase the chances that the offspring of the patterned
animal will survive to reproduce.
One function of animal patterns is camouflage; for instance, a leopard that is harder to see catches more prey.

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H. CRACKS
Cracks are linear openings that form in materials to relieve stress. When a material fails in all directions it results in cracks. The
patterns created reveal if the material is elastic or not.
Cracks are overlooked because they are so common. It is often a pattern engineers want to avoid, for example a crack in a bridge or a
road or a glass. Engineers spend a lot of time trying to determine when a crack can become a catastrophe.

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I. FOAM & BUBBLES
Foam is a mass of bubbles; foams of different materials occur in nature
- A foam is a substance made by trapping air or gas bubbles inside a solid or liquid. Typically, the volume of gas is much larger than
that of the liquid or solid, with thin films separating gas pockets.
- bubble is a spherically contained volume of air or other gas, especially one made from soapy liquid while foam is a substance
composed of a large collection of bubbles or their solidified remains.

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3
Fibonacci Sequence

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FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
The Fibonacci sequence was invented by the Italian Leonardo Pisano Bigollo (1180-
1250), who is known in mathematical history by several names: Leonardo of Pisa
(Pisano means “from Pisa”) and Fibonacci (which means “son of Bonacci”).

To formally, define the Fibonacci sequence, we start by defining F1 = 1 and F2 = 1. For n

> 2, we define
Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2

The sequence F1, F2, F3,… is then the Fibonacci sequence. Such a definition is
called a recursive definition because it starts by defining some initial values and
defines the next term as a function of the previous terms.

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One of the exercises in Fibonacci’s book :
“A man put a pair of rabbits in a place surrounded on all sides by a wall. How many pairs of rabbits
are produced from that pair in a year, if it is supposed that every month each pair produces a new
pair, which from the second month onwards becomes productive?”

RABBIT HABIT

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GROWTH OF RABBIT COLONY

The Fibonacci sequence is the sequence f1, f2, f3, f4, …

which has its first two terms f1 and f2 both equal to 1
and satisfies thereafter the recursion formula fn = fn–1 +
fn–2.

The sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233,

377, … is called the Fibonacci sequence and its terms the
Fibonacci numbers.

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Luca Pacioli found the relationship between Fibonacci sequence and the golden ratio.

The golden ratio was first called as the Divine Proportion in the early 1500s in
Leonardo da Vinci’s work was explored by Luca Pacioli (Italian mathematician)
entitled “De Devina Proportione” in 1509.

Luca Pacioli

Da Vinci’s drawings of the five platonic solids and it was probably da

Vinci who first called it the “section aurea” Latin for Golden Section

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Two quantities are in the Golden ratio if their ratio is the same of their sum to the larger of the two quantities.

The Golden Ratio is the relationship between numbers on the Fibonacci sequence where plotting the
relationships on scales results in a spiral shape

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The Fibonacci numbers can be applied to the proportions of a rectangle, called the Golden rectangle.
Golden Rectangle is known as one of the most visually satisfying of all geometric forms – hence, the appearance of the
Golden ratio in art.
The Golden rectangle is also related to the Golden spiral, which is created by making adjacent squares of Fibonacci
dimensions.
A Fibonacci spiral which approximates the golden spiral, using Fibonacci sequence square sizes up to 34.

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GOLDEN RECTANGLE

A golden rectangle can be broken into squares the size of the next Fibonacci number
down and below.

Fibonacci spiral – Take a golden rectangle, break it down into smaller squares based
from Fibonacci sequence and divide each with an arc.

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Fibonacci numbers appear in nature in various places.
Pinecones, Speed Heads, Vegetables Flowers and Branches Honeybees
and Fruits Spiral patterns curving
Most flowers express the Fibonacci The family tree of a honeybee
from left and right can be seen at the
sequence if you count the number of perfectly resembles the Fibonacci
array of seeds in the center of a
petals on these flowers. Some plants sequence. A honeybee colony consists
sunflower.
also exhibit the Fibonacci sequence in of a queen, a few drones and lots of
their growth points, on the places workers.
where tree branches form or split.

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Human body has many elements that show the Fibonacci numbers and the golden
ratio. Most of your body parts follow the Fibonacci sequence and the proportions and
measurements of the human body can also be divided up in terms of the golden ratio.

Geography, Weather and Galaxies Fibonacci numbers and the relationships

between these numbers are evident in spiral galaxies, sea wave curves and in the
patterns of stream and drainages.

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The Golden Ratio and/or the Golden Spiral can also be observed in music, art, and designs. Appearing in many architectural structures,
the presence of the golden ratio provided a sense of balance and equilibrium.

Architecture
The Great Pyramid of Giza: The Great Pyramid of Giza
built around 2560 BC is one of the earliest examples of
the use of the golden ratio.

The Greek sculptor Phidias sculpted many things

including the bands of sculpture that run above the
columns of the Parthenon.

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Arts
Mona-Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci: It is believed that
Leonardo, as a mathematician tried to incorporate of
mathematics into art.

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 MATHEMATICS FOR OUR WORLD

“Neglect of mathematics works injury to all knowledge, since

he who is ignorant of it cannot know the other sciences or the
things of the world..”

— Roger Bacon (1214-1294)

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Mathematics is everywhere; whether it is on land, sea or air, online or on the front line,
mathematics underpins every nook and cranny of modern life.

Math helps us understand or make sense of the world - and we use the world to understand math. It
is therefore important that we learn math contents needed to solve complex problems in a complex
world

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Applications of Mathematics in our world

 Mathematics helps organize patterns and regularities in the world;

 Mathematics helps predict the behavior of nature and many phenomena;

 Mathematics helps control nature and occurrences in the world for our own good;

 Mathematics has applications in many human endeavors.

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ADDITIONAL TOPICS: Arithmetic Sequences and Series

Arithmetic Sequences

Sequence is a list of numbers typically with a pattern.

Each number in the list called a term.

2, 4, 6, 8, …
a1, a2, a3, a4, …

The first term in a sequence is denoted as a 1, the second term is a2, and so on up to the nth term an.

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ADDITIONAL TOPICS: Arithmetic Sequences and Series
Sequence – a set of numbers in a specific order.
Terms – the numbers in the sequence
Arithmetic sequence – if the difference between successive terms is constant.
Common difference – the difference between the terms

Identify Arithmetic Sequences:

Ex. 1) 7, 12, 17, 22, 27 Ex.2) 1, 2, 4, 8, . . . +1

+2 +4
+5 +5 +5 +5
This is not an arithmetic sequence because the
Since this sequence has a common difference it is an difference between terms is not constant
arithmetic sequence.
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An arithmetic sequence can be found as follows
a1, a1+d, a2+d, a3+d,…

Ex. 3) 74 67 60 53 ? ? ?
-7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7
The common difference is -7

Add -7 to the last term of the sequence to find the next three terms. (a4+d)=53+(-7)= 46
(a5+d)=46+(-7)= 39
(a6+d)=39+(-7)= 3a2
Ans: 46, 39, 32

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How do you find any term in a sequence?
To find any term in an arithmetic sequence, use the formula

an = a1 + (n – 1)d

where d is the common difference.

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Ex. 4) Find the 14th term in the arithmetic sequence Write an equation/formula for a sequence
9, 17, 25, 33,… Ex. 5) Write an equation for the nth term of the sequence, 12, 23, 34,
45, …
Sol.
First step: get the common difference (d)
an = a1 + (n – 1)d a1 = 12, d = 11
d= (a2 – a1 )= 17-9 = 8
an = 12 + (n -1)11
(a3 – a2 )= 25-17=8
an = 12 + 11n – 11 Distributive property
(a4 – a3 )= 33-25= 8
an = 11n + 1
The common difference is +8
Given: a1 = 9, n = 14, d = 8
Use the equation to solve for the 10th term
an = 11n + 1 n = 10
Use the formula for the nth term
an = a1 + (n – 1)d a10 = 11(10) + 1 👈🏻 replace n with 10

a14 = 9 + (14 – 1)8

a10 = 111 ans.
a14 = 9 + 104
a14 = 113 ans.
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Writing Terms of Sequences
Ex. 6) Write the first five terms of the sequence an = 2n + 3.

SOLUTION

a1 = 2(1) + 3 = 5 1st term

a2 = 2(2) + 3 = 7 2nd term
a3 = 2(3) + 3 = 9 3rd term
a4 = 2(4) + 3 = 11 4th term
a5 = 2(5) + 3 = 13 5th term

Ans: 5, 7, 9, 11, 13
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Writing Terms of Sequences
Ex. 7) Write the first five terms of the sequence f(n) = (–2)n – 1 .

SOLUTION

f(1) = (–2)1 – 1 = 1 1st term

f(2) = (–2)2 – 1 = –2 2nd term
f(3) = (–2)3 – 1 = 4 3rd term
f(4) = (–2)4 – 1 = – 8 4th term
f (5) = (–2)5 – 1 = 165th term

Answers: 1, -2, 4, -8, 16

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ADDITIONAL TOPICS: Geometric Sequence
A sequence is geometric if the ratios of consecutive terms are the same.

r - is the common ratio.

Finding the nth term of a Geometric Sequence

Formula: an = a1r(n – 1)

 r ➤ is the common ratio an ➤ nth term 

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Are these geometric?

Ex 1) 2, 4, 8, 16, … Ex 3) 1, 4, 9, 16, …
4/2, 8/4, 16/8, This is not a geometric sequence because Yes, r =2 the ratio
between terms is not constant

Ex 2) 12, 36, 108, 324

36/12, 108/36, 324/108,
Yes r =3

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Ex. 9) Find the 15th term of the geometric sequence whose first term is 20 and whose common ratio is 1.05

r = 1.05, a1=20, a15=?

an = a1r(n – 1)
a15 = (20)(1.05)(15 – 1)
a15 = (20)(1.05)14
a15 = (20)(1.979931...)
a15 = 39.599 or 39.60 ans.

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Ex. 10) Find a formula for the nth term 5, 15, 45, …

Sol. compute r=? and What is the 9th term?

15/5=3 a9 = 5(3)9–1
45/15=3 a9 = 5(3)8
r=3 a9 = 5(6,561)
a9 = 32,805 ans.
Given: a1 = 5, r=3
an = a 1 r n – 1
an = 5(3)n – 1 formula

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Ex. 11) Find the common ratio and the seventh term of the Given the five terms, so the sixth term is the very
following sequence: 2/9, 2/3, 2, 6, 18,.. next term, the seventh will be the term after that.
To find the common ratio, divide a successive pair of terms.
a6 = (18)(3)=54 (54/18=3, r=3)
Sol.
(2/3)/(2/9)=(2/3) x ( 9/2)= 3/1 or 3
a7 = (54)(3)=162 (162/54=3, r=3)

2/(2/3)=(2/1) x (3/2)=3
Answers:
6/2=3 common ratio: r = 3
seventh term: 162
18/6=3
Note: A geometric sequence goes from one term to the next by
The ratio is, r = 3. always multiplying (or dividing) by the same value.

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Additional topic: Difference table
A difference table shows the differences between successive terms of the sequence. The differences in rows maybe first, second and
third differences. Each number in the first row of the table is the differences between the closest numbers just above it. If the first
differences are not the same, compute the successive differences of the first differences .

The following examples will show how to predict the next term of a sequence and we look for a pattern in a row differences.

Ex. : Construct the difference table to predict the next term of each sequence.
a. 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, ?
b. 2, 4, 9, 17, 28, ?
c. 6, 9, 14, 26, 50, 91, ?

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Solutions
b. 2, 4, 9, 17, 28, ?
a. 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, ?
Sequence 2 4 9 17 28 ?
Sequence 3 7 11 15 19 ?
V V V V
V V V V
2 5 8 11
4 4 4 4
V V V
The next term is 23 ans.
3 3 3

add all the last digits, 3+11+28= 42

The next term is 42 ans.

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Solutions
c. 6, 9, 14, 26, 50, 91, ?
Sequence 6 9 14 26 50 91 ?
V V V V V
3 5 12 24 41
V V V V
2 7 12 17
V V V
5 5 5
add all the last digits, 5+17+41+91=154

The next term is 154 ans.

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ASSESSMENT 1:
Part 1.
1. Look for patterns Inside or outside of your house then take pictures of the patterns explored using smart phones or digital
camera. Explore, take photos, make list and identify what patterns can be seen in nature inside your house, at the
garden or park nearby or any part of the neighborhood.

Answer the ff. questions

2. How do you find the golden ratio of your face?
3. In relation to golden ratio, give 3 examples of Celebrities with almost perfect faces,explain why?
4. Will the universe exist without mathematics or vice versa?

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ASSESSMENT 1:
Part 2:
A) Construct a difference table to predict the next term of each sequence.
1) 6, 9, 14, 26, 50, 91, ?
2) 4, 8, 14, 22, 32, 44, ?

B) Use the given nth-term formula to compute the first three terms of the given sequence.
1) an= 2n3-n2
2) an= 5n2-3n

C) Geometric sequence, using an=ar(n-1) compute the next term.

1) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ?
2) 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, ?
D) Essay
a) Will the universe exist without mathematics or vice versa?
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“The essence of mathematics is not to make simple things
complicated, but to make complicated things simple.”

— S. Gudder

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