Statistical Techniques Used in Analyzing Data

1. Descriptive Statistics
• Summarizes data collected for a sample popn.
• No LS
• Does not utilize theory of probability
• Merely describes “what is of data”
a. Frequency distn
b. Measures of CT
c. Measures of variability
d. Percentages
e. Ranking
Frequency distn
• List of a set of classes & frequency of observation in that
class

Measures of central tendency

• Defines the most typical most likely value in a group of
scores
1. Mean – average (total obs. divided by number of obs.)
2. Mode – value with the highest frequency
3. Median – value that divides the set of data into 2 such
that half is above it and the other half below it
Measures of variability
• Tell whether scores cluster together or spread across a
wide range
1. Range – lowest & highest values
2. Standard deviation – tells how much figures in a given
set of data vary from the mean
3. Correlation coefficient - measures the
degree & direction of relation between
variables
2. Inferential Statistics
• Use LS & theory of probability
• Used to establish probability that observations made in one
sample are also true for a larger popn
• Used to infer whether a pattern of observation was due to
a particular ind V or due to chance alone
• Assumes that chance is the only thing that produces
variation between groups
Types of Inferential Statistics
1. Parametric test
• Used when parameters are normally distributed
A. Z – test
B. T-test
C. F – test
2. Non-parametric tests
A. X2 or chi-square test
B. Spearman Rho rank correlation coefficient
C. Friedman’s ANOVA test
D. Kruskal-Wallis test
Interpretation of Data
1. Deductive phase
• Researcher applies the process of deduction in the analysis
or classification & tabulation of data

2. Inductive phase
• Researcher synthesizes data & formulate generalization
that may substantiate or refute Ho
Ways of Presenting Data
1. Textual
• Involves analysis, presentation & discussion of data

2. Tabular
• Uses tables to present data

3. Graphical
• Uses graphs, charts to clarify facts, trends & relationships in
cases where tables can’t show meanings
Four acceptable title forms for figures
1. Paragraph form
Figure 1. Chromatogram of benzydamine gel
indomethacin internal standard (1) and benzydamine (2).

2. Underhung form
Figure 1. Chromatogram of benzydamine gel indomethacin
internal standard (1) and benzydamine (2).
3. Block form
Figure 1. Chromatogram of benzydamine gel
indomethacin internal standard (1) and
benzydamine (2).

4. Inverted pyramid form

Figure 1.
Chromatogram of benzydamine gel
indomethacin internal standard (1)
and benzydamine (2).