Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B)

To compare the rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the
factors that affect the rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)
 WELCOME TO
CHEM
CLASS

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B) To compare the
rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
in gases(Grade A*)
 DIFFUSION IN GASES AND
LIQUIDS

GRADE /C/B/A/A*
20TH SEPT, 2021
Folorunsho Akinhanmi

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B)
To compare the rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the
factors that affect the rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)
 Learning objectives (2 MINS)
• To define the term diffusion
• To describe how smells spread out(Grade B)
• To compare the rate of diffusion in liquids and
gases(Grade A)
• To be able to describe and explain the factors that
affect the rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B) To compare the
rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
in gases(Grade A*)
PRIOR LEARNING/STARTER(5 min)
Most of you can describe the
particle theory of matter

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread
out(Grade B) To compare the rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to
describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)
 Complete the following sentences with the appropriate key words
Key words: kinetic energy, weakly, increases, particles, strongly

The difference between solids, liquids and gases can be

explained by the PARTICLE THEORY(PARTICLE MODEL)
which has four main ideas:
i.All substances are made up of________.
ii.The particles are attracted to each other. Some particles
are attracted_______to each other and others______.
iii.The particles move around. They are described as
having_____ _______.
iv.The kinetic energy of the particles __________with
temperature.
Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B) To compare the
rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
in gases(Grade A*)
 WHY ARE WE LEARNING THIS?
WHERE CAN WE USE THIS IN THE
FUTURE?

Applications in advancing
our world in technology,
medicine, and research.
Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B)
To compare the rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the
factors that affect the rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)
What are the key words for today’s lesson?
KEY WORDS
RATE, DIFFUSE, MIX, CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, TEMPERATURE, SPREAD OUT,

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B) To compare the
rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
in gases(Grade A*)
 L.O (1):
• To define the term diffusion(GRADE C)

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B) To compare the
rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
in gases(Grade A*)
 Diffusion animation 2

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B)
To compare the rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the
factors that affect the rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)
 TASK 1a (L.T) [4 min]
Key words: higher, process, condense, spread, lower, movement, mix ,regular,
distributed , solvent, solute diffuse, particles, spread, temperature, density, energy,
Brownian motion, random

Diffusion is the _______________ of particles that allows them

to_______________ out and mix with other particles. For
example, the smell of aftershave or perfume diffuses and is
detected by people on the other side of the room.
Smell particles move in the direction from a
_____________concentration to a____________ concentration,
down a diffusion gradient.

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B) To compare the
rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
in gases(Grade A*)
 ANSWER
Diffusion is the MOVEMENT of particles that allows them to
SPREAD out and mix with other particles.
For example, the smell of aftershave or perfume diffuses and is
detected by people on the other side of the room.

Smell particles move in the direction from a HIGHER

concentration to a LOWER concentration, down a diffusion
gradient.

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B) To compare the
rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
in gases(Grade A*)
 TASK 1b (L.T Contd) [4 min]
Key words: higher, process, condense, spread, lower, movement, mix ,regular,
distributed , solvent, solutediffuse, particles, spread, temperature, density, energy, Brownian
motion, random, crystaline

When a _____________ dissolves in a ____________, the solid

loses its ____________structure and the individual particles are
now free from each other and randomly ____________with the
original liquid particles, and all particles are
evenly______________.
Pressure is defined as force exerted on a surface per unit area

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B) To compare the
rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
in gases(Grade A*)
 ANSWER
When a SOLUTE dissolves in a SOLVENT, the solid loses its
REGULAR/CRYSTALINE structure and the individual particles
are now free from each other and randomly MIX with the original
liquid particles, and all particles are evenly DISTRIBUTED.

Pressure is defined as force exerted on a surface per unit area

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B) To compare the
rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
in gases(Grade A*)
 TASK 1c (EXTENSION) [5 min]

TASK 1b(Extension) Use the particle model to explain these

facts about diffusion:
Diffusion occurs in liquids and gases but hardly at all in solids.
___________________________________
____________________________________
Diffusion happens more quickly for gases than for liquids
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Diffusion happens more quickly at warm temperatures than at
cooler
Learningtemperatures.
objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B) To compare the
___________________________________________
rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
in gases(Grade A*)
____________________________________________
 ANSWER
TASK 1b(Extension) Use the particle model to explain these
facts about diffusion:
Diffusion occurs in liquids and gases but hardly at all in solids.
The force of attraction between liquid and gas particles are not as
strong as that between solid particles. Hence particles can move
apart in gases and liquids but not in solids.
Diffusion happens more quickly for gases than for liquids
The force of attraction between liquid particles is stronger
than that between gas particles. Hence gas particles can
move apart and spread more quickly.
Diffusion happens more quickly at warm temperatures than at
cooler temperatures.
Particles gain kinetic energy and spread out more quickly.
Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B) To compare the
rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
in gases(Grade A*)
 AFL TIME
• To define the term
diffusion(GRADE C)

GREEN? YELLOW? RED?

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B)
Learning objectives (2 MINS)
To compare the rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the
•To identify different types of mixtures (Grade D).
factors that affect the rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)
•To describe the different purification methods(Grade C)
•To be able to explain the criteria used for the choice of a method (GRADE B)
•To be able to identify the applications of separation techniques in daily life(GRADE A/A*)
 L.O (2):
• To describe how smells
spread out(Grade B)

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B) To compare the
rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
in gases(Grade A*)
 DIFFERENTIATED CLASS ACTIVITY(5 min)
Your group would watch the video clip
‘Diffusion of Gases The Chemistry Journey The Fuse School’

then discuss why it takes sometime

to perceive a smell.
[A group leader to present to the class]

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B) To compare the
rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
in gases(Grade A*)
 AFL TIME
• To describe how smells spread
out(Grade B)

GREEN? YELLOW? RED?

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B)
Learning objectives (2 MINS)
To compare the rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the
•To identify different types of mixtures (Grade D).
factors that affect the rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)
•To describe the different purification methods(Grade C)
•To be able to explain the criteria used for the choice of a method (GRADE B)
•To be able to identify the applications of separation techniques in daily life(GRADE A/A*)
 PLENARY
Using the relevant key words,
explain the phenomena in the
next two slides.

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B)
To compare the rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the
factors that affect the rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)
Where is the smell coming from and how does it spread out?
How do smells spread out?

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B)
To compare the rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the
factors that affect the rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)
 Diffusion animation 1

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B)
To compare the rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the
factors that affect the rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)
 PLENARY
RELEVANT KEY WORDS
DIFFUSE, SPRED OUT, HIGHER
CONCENTRATION,
LOWER CONCENTRATION,
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B)
To compare the rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the
factors that affect the rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)
 HOMEWORK
Due date:
TIME:

Remember to complete the WS ‘Diffusion in liquids’ before

the due date.

• GOOD LUCK!
 Random Particle Movement and
Factors affecting the rate of diffusion

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B)
To compare the rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the
factors that affect the rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)
 TASK 1a (EXTENSION) [5 min]

Evidence for random particle movement includes:

•smell of perfume, coffee or petrol around a garage.
•Random movement of dust particles seen in rays of light
penetrating through a tiny hole.
•Movement of smoke particles viewed under a microscope.
• The visible random movement of particles is called
____________ _____________.

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B) To compare the
rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
in gases(Grade A*)
 FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF
DIFFUSION

Rate of diffusion of gases depend on two factors:

i. Density[how heavy or light] of the gas.
This is obtained by calculating the molecular mass. The lighter
the gas, the faster it would diffuse.
ii. Temperature
The higher the temperature, the faster the gas diffuses.

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B) To compare the
rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
in gases(Grade A*)
 TASK 1b (EXTENSION) [5 min]

TASK 1b(Extension)
Arrange the following gases in ascending order of rate of
diffusion: Hydrogen (H2), Sulphur dioxide(SO2), Hydrogen
sulphide(H2S), Oxygen(O2) and water vapour(H2O).
______________________________
_______________________________
Explain your order.
_____________________________
_____________________________

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B) To compare the
rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
in gases(Grade A*)
 PLENARY
Using the relevant key words,
explain the phenomena in the
next two slides.

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the term diffusion To describe how smells spread out(Grade B)
To compare the rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the
factors that affect the rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)
 Diffusion experiment
In this experiment, two gases diffuse towards each other in
a sealed glass tube.

cotton wool soaked gases cotton wool soaked in

in ammonia meet concentrated
here hydrochloric acid(HCl)
solution (NH3)
When the gases meet, they react to form a ring of ammonium
chloride which is closer to one end of the tube than the other.
Which gas particles diffuse faster, ammonia or acid, and why?
By the time the gases meet, the ammonia particles
haveobjectives
Learning travelled
(2 MINS) further
To define thedown theTo tube
term diffusion describe so theyspread
how smells must out(Grade B)
To compare the rate of diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To be able to describe and explain the
have diffused at a faster speed.
factors that affect the rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)
 HOMEWORK
Due date:
TIME:
Remember to complete the WS ‘Diffusion in gases’ before
the due date.

• GOOD LUCK!
 Gas
Gas Diffusion
Diffusion
relation
relation of
of mass
mass to
to rate
rate of
of diffusion
diffusion

•• HCl
HCl and
and NH
NH33 diffuse
diffuse
from
fromopposite
opposite ends
ends of of
tube.
tube.
•• Gases
Gases meet
meet to
to form
form
NH
NH44Cl
Cl
•• HCl
HCl heavier
heavier than
than NH NH33
•• Therefore,
Therefore, NH
NH44Cl Cl forms
forms
Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define the

closer to HCl end

closer to HCl end of
term diffusion To describe how smells
spreadofout(Grade B) To compare the rate of
diffusion in liquids and gases(Grade A) To
tube.
tube. be able to describe and explain the factors
that affect the rate of diffusion in
gases(Grade A*)
 Diffusion experiment
In this experiment, two gases diffuse towards each other in
a sealed glass tube.

cotton wool soaked gases cotton wool soaked

in ammonia meet in concentrated
solution here hydrochloric acid
When the gases meet, they react to form a ring of ammonium
chloride which is closer to one end of the tube than the other.
Which gas particles diffuse faster, ammonia or acid, and why?
By the time the gases meet,
Learning objectives theToammonia
(2 MINS) define particles
have travelled further down
smells spread out(Gradethe tube so they must
the term diffusion To describe how
B) To compare
have diffused at agases(Grade
faster A)speed.
the rate of diffusion in liquids and
To be able to describe
and explain the factors that affect the
rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)
Gas diffusion is the gradual mixing of molecules of one gas
with molecules of another by virtue of their kinetic properties.

NH4Cl

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define

NH
the term diffusion To describe how
smells spread out(Grade 3 B) To compare HCl
17 g/mol
the rate of diffusion in liquids and
gases(Grade A) To be able to describe
36 g/mol
and explain the factors that affect the
rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*) 5.7
 GAS DIFFUSION AND
EFFUSION
diffusion is the effusion is the
gradual mixing of movement of
molecules through a
molecules of small hole into an
different gases. empty container.

Learning objectives (2 MINS) To define

the term diffusion To describe how smells
spread out(Grade B) To compare the rate
 Graham’s Law: Diffusion
and Effusion of Gases
• Diffusion the process whereby a gas spreads out through another
gas to occupy the space with uniform partial pressure.
• Effusion the process in which a gas flows through a small hole in a
container.
• Graham’s law of Effusion the rate of effusion of gas molecules
through a hole is inversely proportional to the square root of the
molecular mass of the gas at constant temperature and pressure.

E.g. determine the molecular mass of an unknown compound if it

effused through a small orifice if it effused 3.55 times slower
than CH4.
E.g. A compound with a molecular mass of 32.0 g/mol effused through
a small opening in 35 s; determine the effusion time for the same
amount of a compound with a molecular mass of 16.0.

k
Rate 
MW
Learning objectives (2 MINS)
To define the term diffusion To
 GAS DIFFUSION AND
EFFUSION
Graham’s law governs effusion
and diffusion of gas
molecules. KE=1/2 mv2

Rate for A M of B
Rate for B M of A

Rate
Rate ofof effusion
effusion isis
inversely
inversely proportional
proportional
Learning objectives (2 MINS) Thomas
To defineGraham, 1805-1869.
the term diffusion To describe how
Professor in Glasgow and London.
to its molar mass.
to its molar mass.
smells spread out(Grade B) To compare
the rate of diffusion in liquids and
gases(Grade A) To be able to describe
and explain the factors that affect the
rate of diffusion in gases(Grade A*)
 GAS DIFFUSION AND
EFFUSION
Molecules effuse thru holes in a rubber
balloon, for example, at a rate (=
moles/time) that is
 proportional to T He
 inversely proportional to M.
Therefore, He effuses more rapidly
than O2 at same T.
Learning objectives (2 MINS) To
define the term diffusion To
describe how smells spread
out(Grade B) To compare the rate
of diffusion in liquids and
gases(Grade A) To be able to
describe and explain the factors
that affect the rate of diffusion in
gases(Grade A*)
 Learning objectives (2 MINS) To
define the term diffusion To
describe how smells spread
out(Grade B) To compare the rate
of diffusion in liquids and
gases(Grade A) To be able to
describe and explain the factors
that affect the rate of diffusion in
gases(Grade A*)