Chapter 7

Multiple Division (Access)

Techniques

Copyright © 2003, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 1
7.2.3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
 Outline:
1) Introduction to CDMA
2) Spread Spectrum
3) Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
4) Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
5) Walsh Codes
6) Near-far Problem
7) Power Control

© 2007 ©
Copyright by2003,
Leszek T. Lilien
Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 2
 7.2.3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) – cont.
1) Introduction
Do not confuse
CDMA (conflict-free) Frequency
with
CSMA (contention-
based)

User 1
User 2
CSMA = carrier sense .
multiple access ..

User n
Time

Code
• Separate (unique) code per user
• Code sequences are orthogonal
=> different users can use same frequency simultaneously (see Fig above)
• Some 2G systems use CDMA / Most of 3G systems use CDMA
Copyright © 2003, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved (Modified by LTL) 3
Structure of a CDMA System (with FDD)
Frequency f ’ Frequency f
MS #1 C1’ C1

MS #2 C2’ C2

…
…

MS #n C n’ Cn

BS
Reverse channels Forward channels
(Uplink) (Downlink)
Notes:
1) FDD (frequency division duplexing) since f for all forward channels,
and f’ for all reverse channels
2) Ci = i-the code
3) Ci’ x Cj’ = 0, i.e., Ci’ and Cj’ are orthogonal codes on f’

Ci x Cj = 0, i.e., Ci and Cj are orthogonal codes on f

Copyright © 2003, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 4
 Two Implementation Methodologies
for CDMA
• Two implementation methodologies for CDMA
a) DS = direct sequence
- next slide

b) FH = frequency hopping
- same frequency for all forward and all reverse
channels
e.g., slide +2
f used for all forward channels and
f (same) used for all reverse channels

© 2007 ©
Copyright by2003,
Leszek T. Lilien
Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 5
 2) Spread Spectrum for CDMA
 Concept of spread spectrum:
 Pseudorandom sequence c(t) phase-modulates data-modulated carrier of s(t),
producing m(t)
 m(t) occupies broader bandwidth and has lower peak power than s(t)
where:
 s(t) - original signal / m(t) – xmitted signal derived fr. s(t) by spreading

 c(t) – code signal (a parameter for spreading)

 Results in better resistance to interference

Transmitter
Original Spreading
Xmitted
digital spread signal
signal s(t) m(t)

Power Power
Code
c(t)

(Modified by LTL)
Frequency Frequency
Copyright © 2003, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 6
 3) Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
 Concept of DSSS for CDMA
 Pseudorandom sequence c(t) phase-modulates data-

modulated carrier of s(t), producing m(t)

 m(t) occupies broader bandwidth & has lower peak power than s(t)

Transmitter Receiver
Spreading De-
Original spreading Recreated
Xmitted
digital signal spread signal digital signal
s(t) m(t) s(t)

Power Power Power

Code Code
c(t) c(t)

Frequency Frequency c(t) is Frequency

Synchronized!
Copyright © 2003, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved (Modified by LTL) 7
 4) Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
 Concept of FHSS for CDMA
 Pseudorand. hopping pattern sequence changes freq. of

digital radio signal across broad freq. band in random way

 Radio xmitter freq. hops fr. channel to channel in predetermined
pseudorandom way (cf. next slide)
 m(t) occupies broader bandwidth & has lower peak power than s(t)
Transmitter Receiver
Spreading De-
spreading Recreated
Original Xmit (“dehopped”)
digital signal spread signal digital signal

Power Hopping pattern Power Hopping pattern Power

Hopp. patt.
Synchro-
nized!
Frequency Frequency Frequency
Copyright © 2003, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved (Modified by LTL) 8
An Example of Frequency Hopping Pattern

Frequency

Time

Copyright © 2003, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 9
 *** SKIP *** 5) Walsh Codes
 Each user in CDMA assigned ≥ 1 orthogonal waveforms
derived from 1 orthogonal code
 Walsh Codes
are an impor- Wal (0, t) t
tant set of
orthogonal Wal (1, t) t
codes
Wal (2, t) t

Wal (3, t) t

Wal (4, t) t

Wal (5, t) t

Wal (6, t) t

Wal (7, t) t
Copyright © 2003, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 10
 6) Near-far Problem
Assume 1:
xmission power of MS1 =
= xmission power of MS2
=>
RSS of MS1 at BS >
> RSS of MS2 at BS
MS2 BS MS1
Assume 2:
MS1 & MS2 use adjacent
RSS
channels RSS = received
=> signal strength
D = distance
out-of-band radiation of
MS1’s signal interferes
with MS2’s signal in the
adjacent channel (cf. next
slide)
0
D D
d2 d1
MS2 BS MS1
Copyright © 2003, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved (Modified by LTL) 11
 Adjacent Channel Interference in CDMA
MS1 MS2
Power

Frequency
f1 f2

 Adjacent channel interference can be serious

=> must keep out-of-band radiation small

Copyright © 2003, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 12
 Adjacent Channel Interference
in Spread Spectrum System in CDMA
Interference baseband signals

Baseband signal Despread signal

Spread signal

Interference
signals

Frequency Frequency Frequency

 Adjacent channel interference can be especially serious when

spread spectrum technique used
 Cf. figure

 Simple solution: power control (next slide)

Copyright © 2003, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 13
 7) Power Control in CDMA

Two alternatives:
a) Control transmit power Pt of MS2
=> received power Pr of adjacent channel interference from MS2
is controlled
=> CCIR is controlled (CCIR = cochannel interference ratio)

OR:

b) Control transmit power Pt of MS1

=> received power Pr of MS1 is controlled (kept strong enough)

Copyright © 2003, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 14
** SKIP ** 7) Power Control in CDMA –cont.

Pr 1
Pt = 4df
 c 
 

Pt = Transmit power
Pr = Received power in free space
d = Distance between receiver and transmitter
f = Frequency of transmission
c = Speed of light
= Attenuation constant (2 to 4)

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Copyright © 2003, Dharma P. Agrawal and Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 16