CERAMICS

DONE BY
19IMUS001
WHAT IS A CERAMIC?

 Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials that

consists of metallic and non-metallic elements bonded
together by ionic and/or covalent bonds. The chemical
compositions of these materials vary considerably, from
simple compounds to mixtures of many complex phases.
PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
 High hardness-can reduce friction
 High elastic modulus-material stiffness is hard
 Low ductility-material will fracture before deforming
 High dimensional stability-The degree to which a material maintains its
original dimensions when subjected to changes in temperature and humidity.
 Good wear resistance-resistant to damage from normal wear or usage
 High resistance to corrosion and chemical attack
 High compressive strength
PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

 High weather resistance

 High melting point
 High working temperature
 Low thermal expansion-When materials are heated, their size and
volume increase in small increments, in a phenomenon known
as thermal expansion
 Low to medium thermal conductivity
 Poor impact strength
MICROSTRUCTURE OF CERAMICS
MICROSTRUCTURE OF CERAMICS

  The microstructure is made up of small crystals called grains.

 The smaller the grain size, the stronger and denser is the ceramic
material. In the case of a glass material, the microstructure is non-
crystalline.
 When these two materials are combined (glass-ceramics), the glassy
phase usually surrounds small crystals, bonding them together.
 CLASSIFICATION
OF CERAMICS
Traditional Ceramics :
 the older and more generally
known types (porcelain, brick,
earthenware, etc.)
 Based primarily on natural raw
materials of clay and silicates
 Applications; building materials
(brick, clay pipe, glass) household
goods (pottery, cooking ware)
manufacturing ( abbrasives,
electrical devices, fibers)
 CLASSIFICATION
OF CERAMICS
Advanced Ceramics:
 have been developed over the past
half century
 Include artificial raw materials,
exhibit specialized properties,
require more sophisticated
processing
 Applied as thermal barrier coatings
to protect metal structures,
wearing surfaces,
 Engine applications (silicon nitride
(Si3N4), silicon carbide (SiC),
Zirconia (ZrO2), Alumina (Al2O3))
 CLASSIFICATION
OF CERAMICS
Oxide Ceramics:
 Oxidation resistant
 chemically inert
 electrically insulating
 generally low thermal
conductivity  slightly complex
manufacturing
 low cost for alumina
 more complex manufacturing
higher cost for zirconia.
 CLASSIFICATION
OF CERAMICS
Non-Oxide Ceramics:
 Low oxidation resistance
 extreme hardness
 chemically inert
 high thermal conductivity
 electrically conducting
 difficult energy dependent
manufacturing and high cost.
 CLASSIFICATION
OF CERAMICS
Ceramic-Based Composites:
 Toughness
 low and high oxidation resistance
(type related)
 variable thermal and electrical
conductivity
 complex manufacturing processes
 high cost.
 CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS
Amorphous
 the atoms exhibit only short-range
order
 no distinct melting temperature
(Tm) for these materials as there is
with the crystalline materials
 Na20, Ca0, K2O, etc
Crystalline
 atoms (or ions) are arranged in a
regularly repeating pattern in
three dimensions (i.e., they have
longrange order)
 Crystalline ceramics are the
“Engineering” ceramics – High
melting points – Strong – Hard –
Brittle – Good corrosion resistance
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
Methods to Strengthen Ceramic
Materials
 Make starting materials more uniform
 Decrease grain size in polycrystalline ceramic products
 Minimize porosity
 Introduce compressive surface stresses
 Use fiber reinforcement
 Heat treat
COMPOSITION OF CERAMICS

 Ceramics are made from three basic ingredients.

 1.clay(50%)
 2.filler(25%) Eg: quartz
 3.fluxing agent(25%) Eg: feldspar-aluminiumsilicate + K+,Na+,Ca+
Binds it together
MANUFACTURING PROCESS

1.SHAPING:
The ingredients are mixed together and soaked in water.the extended water is
squeezed out to make a clay with a moisture about 20%.and the mixture is
shaped according to the structure required.
2.DRYING:
The items are slowly dried in an oven where they lose all the water present
except the ones bound up in crystal lacttice.The volume reduces by 3-7%.
3.FIRING:
The item is heated upto 1170 degree Celsius.The clay undergoes chemical change
and the silica and feldspar unbdergo physical changes.
  
The silica and water from the crystal lacttice are expelled during firing.
This reduces the volume by further 7%.
this silica mixes up with the already present silica and melts to form glass. This
glass includes metallic ions from feldspar which makes it non-porous and water
tight
4.GLAZING:
Glazing Is a thin layer of glass that adheres to the surface of the body.
It provides smooth,non-absorbant surface that can be coloured and textured.
They are compsites of various oxides combined in propertions that will yield
desired properties
 APPLICATIONS

 1.Glasses
2.CLAY PRODUCTS:
 Structural clay product-used in
building construction
Eg:building brick,roofing
tile,drainage pipe
 Whitewares-ceramics which have
glassy finishing
eg:floor tiles,dental implants,spark-
plug insulators
3.REFRACTORIES-a group of ceramic
materials capable of withstanding
high temperatures for prolonged
periods of time
Eg: fire bricks for furnace and ovens,
used in manufacturing plant for iron
and steel
 They provide thermal protection
 They are composed of alumina
and silica with other oxides
ADVANCED CERAMICS-include inorganic
chemicals that exhibit specialized
properties.
Eg:
 engine applications
 electronic packing-to hold micro
electronics and provide heat transfer
 Good heat transfer coefficient and poor
electrical conductivity
 Materials used are BN,SIC,AlN
 heat engines-engine block,piston
coatings
CERAMIC ARMOUR
 Ceramics are also used in
armour.(alumina,boron
carbide,silicon carbide are most
commonly used material)
 They are extremely hard
 Used in armoured vehicle and in
personal armour
 Low density leads to weight
efficient armour systems
 Aluminium ceramic/Kevlar is
used in bulletproof jackets.
OPTICAL
FIBERS
 BIO
MATERIALS