textile dyeing

prepared by AMNA LIAQUAT

Submitted to MISS KEHKASHAN NAWAZ
TEXTILE DYEING

Introduction

•Color is an extremely important aspect of modern textiles.

•The color of a textile product is a major factor in the marketing and

use of that product.
 dyeing
The process of applying color to fiber stock, yarn or fabric is called
 dyeing." There may or may not be thorough penetration of the
colorant into the fibers or yarns.

Important factors
there are two important factors
time
temperature
What Are the Textile Dyeing Methods?
Textile dyeing can take place at different stages of the manufacturing of the textile.
There are various methods of textile dyeing which are as follows:

1.Fiber Stage Dyeing Method 2.Yarn

Stage Dyeing Method 3.Fabric Stage
Dyeing Method 4.Garment Stage
Dyeing Method
 Textile dyeing techniques

There are the different ways in which textiles can be dyed. The various ways of
dyeing textiles are:
• Solution Dyeing
• Stock Dyeing
• Hank/Skein Dyeing
• Package Dyeing
• Beam Dyeing (Yarns)
• Winch/Beck Dyeing
• Jet Dyeing
• Jig Dyeing
• Pad Dyeing
• Beam Dyeing (Fabric)
Dye:
“It is defined as the compound which containing chromophore and auxochrome
groups called dye. Chromophore group is responsible for dye color due to their
saturation. Auxochrome group is responsible for dye fiber reaction.”

Natural dye
Natural dyes are simply dye substances extracted from natural sources.
Some of our most common dyes are still derived from natural sources. These are
termed natural dyes. The Color Index uses this as a classification and naming
system. Natural dyes still in use include hematoxylin, carmine, orcein.

Each dye is named according to the pattern:

Natural + base color + number
Synthetic dye:
Dyes derived from organic or inorganic compound are known as synthetic dyes. Examples of
this class of dyes are Direct, Acid, Basic, Reactive dye, Mordant, Metal complex, Vat, Sulphur,
Disperse dye etc. Synthetic dyes quickly replaced the traditional natural dyes.

Advantages
They cost less, they offered a vast range of new colors, and they
imparted better properties to the dyed materials.

Dyes are now classified according to how they are used in the
dyeing process.
 Reactive dyes:

These dyes react with the cellulosic fiber to form a covalent bond. This produces dyed fiber with
extremely high wash fastness properties. These are the dyeing of fabrics which contain a reactive
group which combines directly with the hydroxyl or the amino group of the fiber. Because of the
chemical reaction the color is fast and has a very long life. Cotton, wool or silk can be dyed with
this type of dyeing of Fabrics. There are various types of reactive dyes used in dyeing industry.

Example: This type is the Reactive Blue 5 dye shown below,

 Vat Dye:
The vat dyes are insoluble complex polycyclic molecules based on the quinone structure
(ketoforms). The term vat comes from the old indigo method dyeing in a vat: indigo had to be
reduced to light form. Vat dyes are made from indigo, anthraquinone and carbazole.

They are successfully used on cotton, linen, rayon, wool, silk, and sometimes nylon. Vat dyes are
also used in the continuous piece of dyeing process sometimes called the pigment application
process. The dyeing produced in this way have high wash and light fastness.

An example of a vat dye is Vat Blue 4 (Indanthrene).

Disperse Dye:
Disperse dyes were originally developed for dyeing secondary cellulose acetate fibers.

These dyes are relatively insoluble in water and are prepared for dyeing by being ground into
relatively fine powder in the presence of dispersing agents. In the dye bath, a suspension of the
dye particle dispersion produces a very dilute solution of the dyes, which are then absorbed by
the fibers.

This dye class is used to dye polyester, nylon, acetate and triacetate fibers.

Disperse yellow 3, Disperse Red 4, and Disperse Blue 27 are good examples of disperse dyes.
Name of Dyes Application

Acid dye Man made fiber (Nylon), Natural fiber (Silk, Wool)

Direct Dye Manmade fiber (Viscose), Natural fiber (Cotton)

Vat dye Man made fiber (Viscose), Natural fiber (Cotton, Silk, Wool)

Disperse dye Nylon, Polyester, Acrylic, Tri-acetate, Di-acetate

Basic dye Jute, Acrylic

Reactive dye Cotton, Wool, Silk, Viscose, Nylon

Sulfur dye Cotton, Viscose

Mordant dye Cotton, Wool, Silk

Pigment Cotton, Man made fiber

Mineral Cotton, Wool, Silk

Properties of dyes:
•These dyes are economical dyes and are generally used to produce dark shades such as
dark greens, dark blues and blacks.

• These dyes have good leveling and color fastness properties.

•The interaction between fiber and dye is established through very strong ionic bonds,
which are formed between the anionic groups of the colorant and ammonium cations on
the fiber.

•Chromium or the metal ion acts as bridge between the dye and fiber, which gives rise to a very
strong linkage, resulting into excellent fastness properties.
dyeing process
The dyeing of a textile fiber is carried out in a solution, generally aqueous, known
as the dye liquor or dye bath. For true dyeing to have taken place, coloration of
fabric and absorption are important determinants.

Coloration:
The coloration must be relatively permanent: that is not readily removed by rinsing
in water or by normal washing procedures. Moreover, the dyeing must not fade
rapidly on exposure to light.

Absorption:
The process of attachment of the dye molecule to the fiber is one of absorption:
that is the dye molecules concentrate on the fiber surface. There are four kinds of
forces by which dye molecules are bound to the fiber:
cont.
)1. Ionic
forces
2) 'Hydrogen bonding
3) Vander Wal forces and
4) Covalent chemical linkages
chemistry of dyeing process

Exhaustion in any dyeing process, whatever the chemical class of dye being used,
heat must be supplied to the dye bath; energy is used in transferring dye
molecules from the solution to the fiber as well as in swelling the fiber to render
it more receptive. The technical term for this process is exhaustion. Levelness:

Evenness of dyeing, known as levelness is an important quality in the dyeing of all

forms of natural and synthetic fibers. It may be attained by the control of dyeing
conclusion

At last said that dye is very important for textile sector. Because the
fabric are to make attractive to us by dyeing. Dyes that are used by the
Textile industry are now mostly synthetic. These types of dyes are
marketed power sgranules and liquid dispersion. Now the industrial
Textile dyes must rise up to meet all these new and specific technical
requirements.