Kinetic Molecular

Model of Liquids and

Solids
 Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)
• common to the three states of matter

• they are composed of molecules though, not all

times for solids and these possess kinetic energy.

• states that gas particles are in constant motion

and exhibit perfectly elastic collisions. Kinetic
Molecular Theory can be used to explain both
Charles' and Boyle's Laws. The average kinetic
energy of a collection of gas particles is directly
proportional to absolute temperature only.
 Ionic Bond vs. Covalent Bond

• Ionic bond, also called electrovalent bond, type of

linkage formed from the electrostatic attraction
between oppositely charged ions in a chemical
compound. Such a bond forms when the valence
(outermost) electrons of one atom are transferred
permanently to another atom.

• A covalent bond consists of the mutual sharing of

one or more pairs of electrons between two
atoms.
 Three States of Matter
1.The shape and volume of gases are not definite
because the molecules are widely separated, have
negligible attraction for one another, and are constantly
moving rapidly in all directions so they can fill any shape
and size of container.

2.Liquid molecules are close enough to touch one

another. They have attractive forces to keep them
together so that the total volume of a certain amount of
them is definite. Since they can still move, slipping and
sliding over one another, the liquid continues to conform
to the shape of its container.
 Three States of Matter
3. Solid particles are closely packed because of strong
attractive forces among them. Their low kinetic
energies cause them to stay in fixed positions, resulting
in definite shape and volume. At the atomic level,
however, vibrational motion of the molecules is
observed.
 Intermolecular Forces
• Intermolecular forces (IMF) (or secondary forces)
are the forces which mediate interaction between
molecules, including forces of attraction or
repulsion which act between atoms and other
types of neighboring particles, e.g. atoms or ions.
• Includes:
– dipole-dipole forces
– ion-dipole forces
– hydrogen bonding
– London dispersion forces.
 Intermolecular Forces
• are fundamentally electrical in natures; that is, they
result from the attraction between centers of opposite
charge in two molecules close to each other.

• formed when the molecules are close enough such

that one molecule produces varying electrical fields
within itself as it is affected by the electrical fields of
the adjacent molecules. Thus, the induced polarization
of molecules produced by the fluctuations of charges
cause those close enough and properly oriented
molecules to attract each other.
 Dipole-dipole Forces
• is the attraction of bond dipoles in different
molecules. Bond dipoles arise from the unequal
sharing of electrons by covalently bonded atoms.
 Ion-Dipole Forces
• These forces exist when polar
molecules are attracted to
ions. The positive pole is
attracted to a negative ion
(anion), while the negative
pole is attracted to a positive
ion (cation).
• are involved in solution
processes like in the case
of sodium chloride
dissolving in water.
 London Dispersion Forces (Van
der Waals)
• also known as van der Waals forces,
• named after a Dutch chemist,
Johannes Van Der Waal (1837-
1923).
• are weak attractions between nonpolar
molecules as it is apparent that even
nonpolar molecules can have dipoles
for short periods of time (temporary
attractive force).
London Dispersion Forces (LDF)
 Hydrogen Bond
• The hydrogen bond is a weak bond formed when
a hydrogen with partial positive charge is close
to an atom in a molecule with lone pairs of
electrons or with excess electronic charge
(negative).
• Happens between H and N, O, or F
• Very strong type of dipole-dipole attraction
because bond is so polar
 Hydrogen Bond

• Hydrogen bridge

-The H bond can be looked upon as bridge between two

highly electronegative atoms, either F, O, or N, with the
latter being covalently bonded to other hydrogens.
 Hydrogen Bond
• Hydrogen bridge
Examples of H bonds are shown below. In set A, H bonds
are between molecules; Set B, the bonds are between
different molecules.
• These intermolecular forces are weaker than
either ionic or covalent bonds, but their
importance cannot be underestimated.

• They are responsible for determining

whether a molecular compound is a gas, a
liquid, or a solid at a given temperature.

• They also account for the differences in some

physical properties of matter in the different
phases.
THE END
