Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) involves numerically solving equations governing fluid flow using computer simulations. CFD can now be used as an industrial design tool to reduce design timescales and improve processes. It provides a cost-effective alternative to physical testing by allowing for rapid simulation variations. CFD simulations involve creating a geometry mesh, defining physics models, solving the problem numerically, and visualizing results.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) involves numerically solving equations governing fluid flow using computer simulations. CFD can now be used as an industrial design tool to reduce design timescales and improve processes. It provides a cost-effective alternative to physical testing by allowing for rapid simulation variations. CFD simulations involve creating a geometry mesh, defining physics models, solving the problem numerically, and visualizing results.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) involves numerically solving equations governing fluid flow using computer simulations. CFD can now be used as an industrial design tool to reduce design timescales and improve processes. It provides a cost-effective alternative to physical testing by allowing for rapid simulation variations. CFD simulations involve creating a geometry mesh, defining physics models, solving the problem numerically, and visualizing results.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) involves numerically solving equations governing fluid flow using computer simulations. CFD can now be used as an industrial design tool to reduce design timescales and improve processes. It provides a cost-effective alternative to physical testing by allowing for rapid simulation variations. CFD simulations involve creating a geometry mesh, defining physics models, solving the problem numerically, and visualizing results.
CFD is the science of predicting fluid flow, heat and mass
transfer, chemical reactions and related phenomena by solving numerically the set of mathematical equations: conservation mass conservation of momentum conservation of energy conservation of species Then… From the mid 1970s,the complex mathematics required to generalize the algorithms began to understood.
CFD solvers began to appear In the early 1980s and required
very powerful computers, as well as in-depth knowledge of fluid dynamics, and large amounts of time to set up simulations.
Recent advances in computing power, together with powerful
graphics results much less labour,reducing time and hence, cost Now… Computational Fluid Dynamics is an industrial design tool ,helping to reduce design time scales and improve processes throughout the engineering world.
CFD provides cost effective and accurate alternate to
scale model testing, with variations in the simulations performed quickly. Properties of Fluids Density Viscosity Temperature Pressure Specific volume Specific weight Specific gravity Density Density is the mass per unit volume of a fluid. In other words, it is the ratio between mass (m) and volume (V) of a fluid. Density is denoted by the symbol ‘ρ’. Its unit is kg/m3.
In general, density of a fluid decreases with increase in
temperature. It increases with increase in pressure. The ideal gas equation is given by:
The above equation is used to find the density of any fluid, if the pressure (P) and temperature (T) are known.
Note: The density of standard liquid (water) is 1000 kg/m3.
Viscosity Viscosity is the fluid property that determines the amount of resistance of the fluid to shear stress. It is the property of the fluid due to which the fluid offers resistance to flow of one layer of the fluid over another adjacent layer.
In a liquid, viscosity decreases with increase in
temperature. In a gas, viscosity increases with increase in temperature. Temperature: It is the property that determines the degree of hotness or coldness or the level of heat intensity of a fluid. Temperature is measured by using temperature scales.There are 3 commonly used temperature scales. They are Celsius (or centigrade) scale Fahrenheit scale Kelvin scale (or absolute temperature scale) Pressure
Pressure of a fluid is the force per unit area of the
fluid. In other words, it is the ratio of force on a fluid to the area of the fluid held perpendicular to the direction of the force. Pressure is denoted by the letter ‘P’. Its unit is N/m2 Specific Weight: Specific weight is the weight possessed by unit volume of a fluid. It is denoted by ‘w’. Its unit is N/m3. Specific weight varies from place to place due to the change of acceleration due to gravity (g). Specific Volume Specific volume is the volume of a fluid (V) occupied per unit mass (m). It is the reciprocal of density. Specific volume is denoted by the symbol ‘v’. Its unit is m3/kg. Specific Gravity Specific gravity is the ratio of specific weight of the given fluid to the specific weight of standard fluid. It is denoted by the letter ‘S’. It has no unit. Applications… Automobile Aerospace Marine Biomedical Military Civil Chemical ANSYS Fluent ANSYS Fluent is the state of the art computer program for modeling fluid flow, heat transfer, and chemical reactions in complex geometries. ANSYS FLUENT provides complete mesh flexibility, including the ability to solve your flow problems using unstructured meshes that can be generated about complex geometries with relative ease. Supported mesh types include 2D triangular/quadrilateral, 3D tetrahedral/hexahedral/pyramid/wedge/polyhedral, and mixed (hybrid) meshes. CFD Methodology CFD can be used to determine the performance of a component at design stage, or it can be used to analyze difficulties with using an existing component and leads to its improved design. The process of performing CFD simulation is split into four stages: Creating the geometry/mesh Defining the physics of the model Solving the CFD problem Visualizing the results Planning CFD analysis with FLUENT Define the modelling goals. Create the model geometry and mesh. Set up the solver and physical models. Compute and monitor the solution. Examine and save the results. Revise the model Define the modeling goals What results are you looking for, and how will they be used? What are your modelling options? What physical models will need to be included in your analysis? What simplifying assumptions do you have to make? What degree of accuracy is required? How quickly do you need the results? Create the model geometry and mesh Set up the solver and physical models Define material properties Fluid Solid Mixture Prescribe operating conditions. Prescribe boundary conditions at all boundary zones. Provide an initial solution. Set up solver controls. Set up convergence monitors. Initialize the flow field. Compute and monitor the solution Number of iterations are usually required to reach a converged solution. Convergence is reached when: Changes in solution variables from one iteration to the next are negligible. Residuals provide a mechanism to help monitor this trend The accuracy of a converged solution is dependent upon: Appropriateness and accuracy of physical models. Mesh resolution and independence. Problem setup. Examine and save the results Visualization tools can be used to answer such questions as: What is the overall flow pattern? Is there separation? Where do shocks, shear layers, and so on form? Numerical reporting tools can be used to calculate the following quantitative results: Forces and moments Average heat transfer coefficients Surface and volume integrated quantities