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Mitosis
Mitosis
Division
1
Cell Division
All cells are derived from pre-
existing cells
New cells are produced for
growth and to replace damaged or
old cells
Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria)
and eukaryotes (protists, fungi,
plants, & animals)
2
DNA Replication
DNA must be
copied or Original DNA
strand
replicated
before cell
division Two new,
identical DNA
Each new cell strands
will then have an
identical copy of
the DNA
3
Identical Daughter Cells
Two
identical
daughter
cells
Parent Cell
4
Chromosomes in Dividing Cells
Duplicated
chromosomes are
called
chromatids &
are held
together by the
centromere
7
Cell Cycle
8
Interphase - G1 Stage
9
Interphase – S Stage
Synthesis stage
DNA is copied or replicated
Two
identical
copies
of DNA
Original
DNA
10
Interphase – G2 Stage
2nd Growth Stage
Occurs after DNA has been copied
All cell structures needed for
division are made (e.g. centrioles)
Both organelles & proteins are
synthesized
11
Mitosis
12
Four Mitotic Stages
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
13
Early Prophase
Chromatin in nucleus condenses to
form visible chromosomes
Mitotic spindle forms from fibers in
cytoskeleton or centrioles (animal)
Nucleolus Cytoplasm
Nuclear Membrane
Chromosomes
14
Late Prophase
Nuclear membrane & nucleolus are
broken down
Chromosomes continue condensing &
are clearly visible
Spindle fibers called kinetochores
attach to the centromere of each
chromosome
Spindle finishes forming between the
poles of the cell
15
Late Prophase
Chromosomes
Kinetochore Fiber
Chromosome
17
Spindle Fibers
The mitotic spindle form from the
microtubules in plants and centrioles
in animal cells
Polar fibers extend from one pole of
the cell to the opposite pole
Kinetochore fibers extend from the
pole to the centromere of the
chromosome to which they attach
Asters are short fibers radiating
from centrioles
18
Sketch The Spindle
19
Metaphase
Chromosomes, attached to the
kinetochore fibers, move to the center
of the cell
Chromosomes are now lined up at the
equator Equator of Cell
Pole of
the Cell
20
Metaphase
Aster
Chromosomes at Equator
21
Anaphase
Occurs rapidly
Sister
chromatids are
pulled apart to
opposite poles
of the cell by
kinetochore
fibers
22
Telophase
Sister chromatids at opposite
poles
Spindle disassembles
Nuclear envelope forms around
each set of sister chromatids
Nucleolus reappears
CYTOKINESIS occurs
Chromosomes reappear as
chromatin
23
Cytokinesis
Means division of the cytoplasm
Division of cell into two,
identical halves called daughter
cells.
24
Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow Cell plate in
in animal cell animal cell
25
Mitotic Stages
26
Daughter Cells of Mitosis
Have the same number of
chromosomes as each other and as
the parent cell from which they
were formed
Identical to each other, but smaller
than parent cell
Must grow in size to become mature
cells (G1 of Interphase)
27
Identical Daughter Cells
What is
the 2n
or
diploid
number?
2
29
Draw & Learn these Stages
30
Draw & Learn these Stages
31
Name the Mitotic Stages:
Interphase
Name this?
Telophase Prophase
Name this?
Metaphase
Anaphase
32
Eukaryotic Cell Division
Used for growth and
repair
Produce two new cells
identical to the original
cell Chromosomes during
Metaphase of mitosis
Cells are diploid (2n)
33
Mitosis Animation
Name each stage as you see it occur?
34
Mitosis in Onion Root Tips
Do you see any stages of mitosis?
35
Test Yourself
over Mitosis
36
Mitosis Quiz
37
Mitosis Quiz
38
Name the Stages of Mitosis:
Early prophase
Early Anaphase Metaphase
Interphase Early
Telophase,
Begin
cytokinesis
? ? ?
? ? ?
Late Anaphase Telophase Telophase &
Cytokinesis 40
Locate the Four Mitotic
Stages in Plants
Anaphase
Telophase
Metaphase
Prophase
41
Uncontrolled Mitosis
If mitosis is not
controlled, unlimited
cell division occurs
causing cancerous
tumors
Oncogenes are special
proteins that
increase the chance
that a normal cell
develops into a tumor
cell
Cancer cells
42
Meiosis
Formation of Gametes
(Eggs & Sperm)
43
Facts About Meiosis
Preceded by interphase which
includes chromosome replication
Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis
I and Meiosis II
Called Reduction- division
Original cell is diploid (2n)
Four daughter cells produced that
are monoploid (1n)
44
Facts About Meiosis
Daughter cells contain half the
number of chromosomes as the
original cell
Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)
Occurs in the testes in males
(Spermatogenesis)
Occurs in the ovaries in females
(Oogenesis)
45
More Meiosis Facts
Start with 46 double stranded
chromosomes (2n)
After 1 division - 23 double
stranded chromosomes (n)
After 2nd division - 23 single
stranded chromosomes (n)
Occurs in our germ cells that
produce gametes
46
Why Do we Need Meiosis?
It is the fundamental basis of
sexual reproduction
Two haploid (1n) gametes are
brought together through
fertilization to form a diploid
(2n) zygote
47
Fertilization – “Putting it
all together”
2n = 6
1n =3
48
Replication of Chromosomes
Replication is the
process of
duplicating a Occurs in
chromosome Interphase
Occurs prior to
division
Replicated copies
are called sister
chromatids
Held together at
centromere
49
A Replicated Chromosome
Gene X
Homologs Sister
(same genes, Chromatids
different alleles) (same genes,
same alleles)
too
much!
meiosis reduces
genetic content
The right
number!
51
Meiosis: Two Part Cell
Division
Sister
chromatids
Homologs separate
separate
Meiosis Meiosis
I II
Diploid
Diploid
Haploid
52
Meiosis I: Reduction Division
Nucleus Spindle
fibers Nuclear
Early envelope
Prophase I Late Metaphase
(Chromosome Prophase I Anaphase Telophase I
number I I (diploid)
doubled)
53
Prophase I
Called Synapsis
55
Crossing-Over
Homologous
chromosomes in
a tetrad cross
over each other
Pieces of
chromosomes or
genes are
exchanged
Produces
Genetic
recombination in
the offspring
56
Homologous Chromosomes
During Crossing-Over
57
Crossing-Over
Homologous pairs
of chromosomes
align along the
equator of the
cell
59
Anaphase I
60
Telophase I
Nuclear envelopes
reassemble.
Spindle disappears.
61
Meiosis II
Only one homolog of each
Gene X
chromosome is present in
the cell.
Sister chromatids carry
identical genetic
information.
Prophase Metaphase
II II Telophase
Anaphase II 4 Identical
II haploid cells
63
Prophase II
Nuclear envelope
fragments.
Spindle forms.
64
Metaphase II
Chromosomes align
along equator of cell.
65
Anaphase II
Equator
Pole
Sister chromatids
separate and
move to opposite
poles.
66
Telophase II
Nuclear envelope
assembles.
Chromosomes
decondense.
Spindle disappears.
Cytokinesis divides
cell into two.
67
Results of Meiosis
Gametes (egg & sperm)
form
Different combinations of
alleles for different
genes along the
chromosome
68
Gametogenesis
Oogenesis
or
Spermatogenesis
69
Spermatogenesis
Occurs in the
testes
Two divisions
produce 4
spermatids
Spermatids mature
into sperm
Men produce about
250,000,000
sperm per day
70
Spermatogenesis in the
Testes
Spermatid
71
Spermatogenesis
72
Oogenesis
Occurs in the ovaries
Two divisions produce 3 polar bodies
that die and 1 egg
Polar bodies die because of unequal
division of cytoplasm
Immature egg called oocyte
Starting at puberty, one oocyte
matures into an ovum (egg) every 28
days
73
Oogenesis in the Ovaries
74
Oogenesis
First polar body
may divide a
(haploid) X
a Polar
bodies
X a die
a X
X
Mitosis Meiosis I Meiosis II
A X (if fertilization
Oogonium occurs) A
(diploid) Primary
X
oocyte
(diploid) A X Ovum (egg) Mature
Secondary A egg
oocyte X
(haploid) Second
polar body
(haploid)
75
Comparing
Mitosis and
Meiosis
76
Comparison of Divisions
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of 2
1
divisions
Number of
2 4
daughter cells
Genetically
Yes No
identical?
Chromosome # Same as parent Half of parent
Where Somatic cells Germ cells
When Throughout life At sexual maturity
Growth and
Role Sexual reproduction
repair
77
78