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SDH Basics: Niranjan B Regional Telecom Training Center Mysore
SDH Basics: Niranjan B Regional Telecom Training Center Mysore
Niranjan B
Regional Telecom Training Center
Mysore
DISADVANTAGES OF PDH
• NO UNIVERSAL STANDARD
• DIFFERENT HIERARCHIES AROUND THE WORLD
• PDH NETWORK MANAGEMENT IS PROPRIETARY
• DROPPING OF INDIVIDUAL CHANNELS IN HIGHER
ORDER STREAM
• NON-HOMOGENEITY OF EQUIPMENT
• CHANNEL SEGREGATION PROBLEM
• PROBLEM OF CROSS CONNECTION
S.D.H. Evolution
• OA&M facilities.
• user channels.
• protection switching.
• section performance
• frame alignment
• other functions.
For 1.544 Mbit PDH signal (North America and
Japan Standard), there are 25 bytes in 125 micro
second and for 2.0408 Mbit per second signal,
there are 32 bytes in 125 micro second.
Taking some additional bytes for supervisory
purposes, 27 bytes can be allotted for holding
1.544 Mbit per second signal, i.e. 9 rows x 3
columns. Similarly, for 2.048 Mbit per second
signal, 36 bytes are allotted in 125 micro
seconds, i.e. 9 rows x 4 columns. Therefore, it
could be said 9 rows are matched to both
hierarchies.
SDH STANDARDS
STM-1 155.52 Mbps
SIGNAL
2Mb
CONTAINER
MUX PRINCIPLE: CONTAINERS(C-n)
SIG
SIGNAL
C-12
SIGNAL
C-3
C-4
BASIC DEFINATIONS
• Virtual Container(VC):
P
O
CONTAINER
H
Tributary Unit
P P
T O CONTAINER
R H
• Administrative Unit
• It is the information structure which provides adaptation between the higher
order path layer and the multiplex section layer. It consists of information pay
load and a A.U. pointer which indicates the offset of the pay load frame start
relating to the multiplex section frame start. Two AUs are defined (i) AU-4
consisting VC-4 plus an A.U. pointer indicating phase alignment of VC-4 with
respect to STM-N frame, (ii) AU-3 consisting of VC-3 plus A.U. pointer indicating
phase alignment of VC-3 with respect to STM-N frame. A.U. location is fixed with
respect to STM-N frame.
BASIC DEFINATIONS
• Tributary Unit(TU): Adaptation between lower order path and higher order path
• Pointer
• An indicator whose value defines frame offset of a VC with respect to the frame
reference of transport entity, on which it is supported.
• Administrative Unit
• It is the information structure which provides adaptation between the higher
order path layer and the multiplex section layer. It consists of information pay
load and a A.U. pointer which indicates the offset of the pay load frame start
relating to the multiplex section frame start. Two AUs are defined (i) AU-4
consisting VC-4 plus an A.U. pointer indicating phase alignment of VC-4 with
respect to STM-N frame, (ii) AU-3 consisting of VC-3 plus A.U. pointer indicating
phase alignment of VC-3 with respect to STM-N frame. A.U. location is fixed with
respect to STM-N frame.
Tributary Unit Group
• Concatenation
• The procedure with which the multiple virtual container are associated with
one another, with the result their combined capacity could be used as a
single container across which bit sequence
139264kbps
AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4
X3
XN X1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
STM-N X3
44736kbps
AU-3 VC-3 C-3 34368kbps
X7
X7 X1 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6312kbps
TUG-2 X3
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2048kbps
X4 9X4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1544kbps
9X3
Embedded Overhead Bytes
STM-1 SOH
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X
B1 E1 F1 X X VC-3/4 POH
D1 D2 D3 J1
AU - PTR H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3 B3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 C2
D4 D5 D6
G1
D7 D8 D9 VC-11/12/ 2 POH
F2
D10 D11 D12
S1 M 1 E2 X X H4 V5
F3 J2
K3 N2
N1 K4
Media dependent bytes
X Reserved for national use RSOH
Pointer
P O H
SOH: Section overhead MSOH Payload
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1
D1
E1
D2
F1
D3
Frame Alignment
AU - Pointer
(A1, A2)
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7
D10
D8
D11
D9
D12
Section Trace
S1 M1 E2 (J0 Identficationof regenerator
source)
Parity check
(B1 calculated by regenerator and multiplexers)
Voice communications
channels (E2 between multiplexers)
Functions of Path Overhead
VC-3/4 POH
Parity check
B3, V5/ BIP-2 calculated by path
J1 terminating point
B3 VC-11/12/2
C2 POH
G1
Alarm and performance information
F2 V5 (V5, G1)
H4 J2
F3 N2 Structure of the VC
K4 K4 Signal label C2
N1
Multiframe indication for TUs (H4)
•Easy growth to higher bit rates in step with evolution of transmission technology.