Bacteriology

Kurnia Dwi Artanti

CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS
(1 of 2)

• Bacteria – survive on appropriate media, stain gram-positive or

-negative
• Viruses – obbligate intracellular parasites which only replicate
intracellularly (DNA, RNA)
• Fungi – non-motile filamentous, branching strands of connected cells
• Metazoa – multicellular animals (e.g.parasites) with complicated life
cycles often involving several hosts
• Bakteri - bertahan hidup pada media yang sesuai, pewarnaan gram
positif atau negatif
• Virus - mengaburkan parasit intraseluler yang hanya mereplikasi
intraseluler (DNA, RNA)
• Jamur - untaian filamen yang tidak motil, bercabang dari sel-sel yang
terhubung
• Metazoa - hewan multiseluler (mis. Parasit) dengan siklus kehidupan
yang rumit sering melibatkan beberapa inang
CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS
(2 of 2)

• Protozoa – single cell organisms with a well-defined nucleus

• Rickettsia – very small bacteria spread by ticks
• Prions – unique proteins lacking genetic molecules
• Chlamydia – bacteria lacking cell walls
• Protozoa - organisme sel tunggal dengan nukleus yang terdefinisi
dengan baik
• Rickettsia - bakteri sangat kecil disebarkan oleh kutu
• Prion - protein unik yang tidak memiliki molekul genetik
• Chlamydia - bakteri yang tidak memiliki dinding sel
 Bacteria
Description
• Unicellular
• Prokaryotic
• Primitive nucleus
• No nucleus membrane
• Genome
• Single circular molecule double stranded DNA
• Can harbour independent small circular DNA molecules called plasmids
• Structure
• Rigid wall which determines their shape
• Tidak berbentuk
• Prokariotik
• Inti primitif
• Tidak ada membran nukleus
• Genom
• Molekul melingkar tunggal DNA untai ganda
• Dapat menampung molekul DNA sirkular kecil independen yang disebut
plasmid
• Struktur
• Dinding kaku yang menentukan bentuknya
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
Prokaryote Eukaryote
Size Comparison of Microbes
 Bacterial Cell Structure

James D. Dick, PhD, Johns Hopkins University

Taxonomy of Bacteria

Strain O157:H7
Microbiological Classification of Infectious
Diseases
• Bacteria are classified by their Gram stain
characteristics.
• Gram staining is the application of a crystal violet dye
to a culture of bacteria. Bacteria that retain the color
of the dye are called Gram positive; bacteria that
don't are Gram negative.
• The Gram stain attaches to peptidoglycan in the bacterial
cell wall.
• In Gram-negative bacteria, the peptidoglycan layer is protected by
an outer membrane.
Klasifikasi Mikrobiologis Penyakit Menular
• Bakteri diklasifikasikan berdasarkan karakteristik pewarnaan
Gramnya.
• Pewarnaan gram adalah aplikasi pewarna kristal violet untuk kultur
bakteri. Bakteri yang mempertahankan warna pewarna disebut Gram
positif; bakteri yang tidak Gram negatif.
• Pewarnaan Gram menempel pada peptidoglikan di dinding sel
bakteri.
• Pada bakteri Gram-negatif, lapisan peptidoglikan dilindungi oleh
membran luar.
Microbiological Classification of Bacteria
Overall structure of bacterial cell walls

Gram –ve cell wall Gram +ve cell wall

Bacteria Classification
Microbiological Classification Bacteria by shape
 Gram-Positives Gram Stain Gram-negatives

Gram-positive cocci in clusters (Staphylococci) Gram-negative rods

Gram-positive rods

Gram-positive Cocci in
chains (Streptococci) Gram-negative cocci
Gram Stain – Importance
Gram Stain - Pentingnya
• Identifikasi tahap pertama
• (Budaya)
• Indikator untuk perawatan
• (Kepekaan)
Gram Stain
• +ve cocci, clustered S. Aureus (coag -ve)
• +ve cocci, paired or chains Strep.
Enterococci
• +ve bacilli (large + spores) Clostridium
• -ve cocci (intra-cellular) Gonorrhoea
• -ve rods, coliform E. Coli/Coliforms
Pseudomonas
• -ve rods Anaerobes
Haemophilus spp
Culture & Sensitivity
• Culture
• Aerobic/Anaerobic
• Haemolytic
• Others (type of media)
• Sensitivity
• Antibiotics
 Bacterial Cell Division Super coiled DNA
DNA relaxation
and duplication

Duplication of the DNA

Enzymatic Cleavage
bacterial chromosome replicates leading
to two identical chromosomes

Division

Identical Daughter cells

Genetic variability
Lateral gene transfer
Virulence

‘ quantitative measure of pathogenicity or the

likelihood of causing disease’

"Ukuran kuantitatif patogenisitas atau

kemungkinan menyebabkan penyakit"
 Virulence factors
1. Aid colonisation
1. Adhesion proteins
2. Entry into cells
2. Aid survival
1. Immune avoidance eg. antiphagocytic
2. Immunosuppression
3. Damage host
1. Toxins
4. Obtain nutrition from host

Kolonisasi bantuan
Protein adhesi
Masuk ke dalam sel
Bantuan kelangsungan hidup
Penghindaran kekebalan tubuh misalnya. antiphagocytic
Imunosupresi
Tuan rumah kerusakan
Racun
Dapatkan nutrisi dari inang
Obligatory steps for infection

Attachment +/- Evade natural protection

and cleansing mechanisms
Entry into body

Local or general spread

Evade immediate local defences

Multiplication

Evasion of host defences

Evade immune and other defences for
growth in the host to be completed

Shedding from body Leave body

at a site and on a scale that ensures
spread to fresh host- transmission
Relationship with humans
• We are sterile in utero
• Shortly after birth colonised
• Of 100000000 bacterial only 1000 are successful
• Suggests highly evolved
Microbiome
Microbiome
Vaginal Flora
• Lactobacilli (Gram -ve)
• Gram -ve
• Gram +ve
• Atopobium spp.
• Peptostrep. spp.
• E. Coli
• Staph. Spp. • Others
• Strep. Spp. • Candida albicans
• Bacteroides • Mycoplasma
• Fusobacterium spp.
• Gardnerella Vaginalis • Ureaplasma
• Mobiluncus
• Prenotella spp.
 Bacteria and Human body
• Bacteria >10x than human cells in the body (10¹ versus
10¹³)
• Skin surface and in deep layers
• Saliva and oral mucosa
• Gastrointestinal tracts
• Genital tract
• Normal microbiota or microflora
• Beneficial to human health
• Opportunistic infections
• < 10% culturable
• Others not part of normal microbiota
• Pathogenic
• Opportunistic pathogens
• Bakteri> 10x dari sel manusia dalam tubuh (10¹ versus 10¹³)
•   Permukaan kulit dan lapisan dalam
• Air liur dan mukosa mulut
• Saluran pencernaan
• Saluran genital
• Mikrobiota atau mikroflora normal
• Bermanfaat bagi kesehatan manusia
• Infeksi oportunistik
• <10% berbudaya
• Lainnya bukan bagian dari mikrobiota normal
• Patogen
• Patogen oportunistik
• Structure Bacteria
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ei6Z7orCpPk

• Imun cell eating bacteria

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZYLeIJwe4w
• TB bacteria
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCYAT2AT4xw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3XYUDoLkS0