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TEORI - Bolted & Welded Connections
TEORI - Bolted & Welded Connections
TEORI - Bolted & Welded Connections
forming
Safety issues
Tension on cooling is not estimated
accurately
Load distribution is not as good as that for
bolts
Steel Connections
Combination weld and bolts:
h
Types of Bolted connections based on loading types
Bolt function
• Snug tight bolts (allow slippage)
• Pre-tensioned bolts (slip critical)
• Both have the same ultimate strength
Material Behaviour
Material Behaviour
TIPE-TIPE BAUT
Washer with
Protrusions (Gap)
Protrusions flatten
as Bolt is tightened
Visually inspected
to ensure that
protrusions are flat
(gap closed)
Simple Bolted Connections
The bolts are subjected to shear or tension loading.
In most bolted connection, the bolts are subjected to shear.
Bolts can fail in shear or in tension.
Where :
P = load acting on an individual bolt
A = area of the bolt and db is its diameter
fv = shear yield stress = 0.6Fy
Where
Fv = ultimate shearing stress
Ab = cross-sectional area of the unthreaded part of the bolt
The total compressive force acting on the connected part is numerically equal
to the tension in the bolt. A list of minimum tension values, for those connection
in which a minimum tension is required, is given in AISC Table J3.1.
Rn = 1. Lc t Fu ≤ 2.0 db t Fu
Lc = the clear distance in the load direction, from the edge of the bolt hole
to the edge of the adjacent hole or to the edge of the material
Fu = specified tensile strength of the connected material
t = thickness of connected material
Bolts clear distance : Lc
The upper limit will become effective
when 1.2 Lc t Fu = 2.4 db t Fu
then Lc = 2 db
Le s s
Le
(a) (b)
Ukuran Lobang baut (SNI 1729 : 2015)
Table J3.3 Nominal Hole Dimensions
Hole Dimensions
Bolt
Standard Oversize Short-slot Long-slot
Diameter (Dia.) (Dia.) (Width x Length) (Width x Length)
½ 7/8 ¾
5/8 1 1/8 7/8
¾ 1 1/4 1
7/8 1 1/2 [d] 1 1/8
1 1 3/4 [d] 1 1/4
1 1/8 2 1 1/2
1 1/4 2 1/4 1 5/8
Over 1 1/4 1 3/4 x Diameter 1 1/4 x Diameter
[a] Lesser edge distance are permitted to be used provided Equation from J3.10, as
appropriate, are satisfied.
[b] For oversized or slotted holes, see Table J3.8.
[c] All edge distance in this column are permitted to be reduced 1/8-in. when the
holes at a point where stress does not exceed 25 percent of the maximum design
strength in the element.
SNI 1729
2015
Review : Bolted Shear Connections
In a simple connection, all
T/n T/n bolts share the load equally.
T T/n T/n
T The shear strength of all
bolts = shear strength of
T/n T/n one bolt x number of bolts
3/4
_ in. bolts
3/4
_ in. bolts
Step I. Select 2L 3 x 2 x 3/8 with fPn = 112 kips (yielding) and 113 kips
(fracture)
Step II. Select size and number of bolts
The bolts are in double shear for this design (may not be so for other designs)
Use four 3/4 in. A325 bolts in double shear ; fRn = 31.8 x 4 =127 kips
Step III. Design edge distance and bolt spacing
Le min = 1 in. for 3/4 in. diameter bolts in rolled edges.
Select Le = 1.25 in.
Minimum spacing = 2.67 db = 2.0 in.
Preferred spacing = 3.0 db = 2.25 in.
Select spacing = 3.0 in., (greater than preferred or minimum spacing)
Step IV. Check the bearing strength at bolt holes in angles
◦ Angle thickness = 3/8 in.
◦ BS at the edge holes (Le = 1.25 in.)
◦ fRn = 44.0 x 3/8 = 16.5 k
BS at non-edge holes (s = 3 in.) = fRn = 78.3 x 3/8 = 29.4 k
Bearing strength at bolt holes in each angle = 16.5 + 3 x 29.4 = 104.7 kips
Bearing strength of double angles = 2 x 104.7 kips = 209.4 kips
Step V. Check the fracture and block shear strength of the tension member
Step VI. Design the gusset plate
The plates must be designed for the limit states of yielding and rupture
Limit state of yielding
◦ fRn = 0.9 Ag Fy > 100 kips - Ag = L x t > 3.09 in2
◦ Assume t = ½ in - L > 6.18 in.
◦ Design gusset plate = 6.5 x ½ in.
Limit state for fracture
◦ An = Ag – (db+1/8) x t
◦ An = 6.5 x 0.5 – (3/4 + 1/8) x 0.5 = 2.81 in2
◦ But, An ≤ 0.85 Ag = 0.85 x 3.25 = 2.76 in2
◦ fRn = 0.75 x An x Fu = 0.75 x 2.76 x 58 = 120 kips
Design gusset plate = 6.5 x 0.5 in.
Step VII. Bearing strength at bolt holes in gusset plates
Assume Le = 1.25 in. (same as double angles)
◦ Plate thickness = 1/2 in.
◦ BS at the edge holes = fRn = 44.0 x 1/2 = 22.0 k
◦ BS at non-edge holes = fRn = 78.3 x 1/2 = 39.15 k
◦ BS at bolt holes in gusset plate = 22.0 + 3 x 39.15 = 139.5 kips
Theoretically, SCC are not subject the shear and bearing, but they must
have sufficient shear and bearing strength in the event of an overload that
may cause slip to occur.
To prevent slip, the service load “shear” on the fastener, must not exceed:
Rn ( Fv . Ab )
where = 1.0 for standard, oversized, short-slotted, and long-slotted holes
the long slot is perpendicular to the line of force
= 0.85 for long-slotted holes the long slot is parallel to the line of
force
Fv = nominal slip critical shear resistance, ksi
Slip-Critical Nominal Resistance to Shear (Fv), ksi, of HTB(a)
These large tensile forces in the bolt clamp the connected plates
together. The shear force applied to such a tightened connection will
be resisted by friction as shown in the Figure below.
Tightened
Installation of High Tension Bolts (HTB):
N =Tb
P
N =Tb
F=N Tb
F=N
N =Tb
Tb
P N = Tb
N = Tb
If the applied shear force is less than the friction that develops
between the two surfaces, then no slip will occur between them.
Slip-Critical Bolted Connections (SCBC)
Slip will occur when the friction force is less than the applied shear
force. After slip occurs, the connection will behave similar to the
bearing-type bolted connections designed earlier.
In certain cases, A325 and A490 bolts are installed to such degree of tightness
that the are subjected to extremely large tensile force. The purpose of such a
large tensile force is to achieve the clamping force.
The total compressive force acting on the connected part is numerically equal
to the tension in the bolt. A list of minimum tension values, for those connection
in which a minimum tension is required, is given in AISC Table J3.1.
(a) For Class A surface (unpainted clean mill scale steel surface or
surface with Class A coating on blast-cleaned steel), = 0.33
(b) For Class B (unpainted blast-cleaned steel surface or surface
with Class B coating on blast-cleaned steel), = 0.50
(c) For Class C surface (hot-dip galvanized and roughened surface),
= 0.40
Thus, each bolt in the connection is capable of resisting a load of P=F, even if
the bolt shank does not bear on the connected part. As long as this frictional
force does not exceeded, there is no bearing or shear. If P is greater than F and
slippage occurs, shear and bearing will then exist and will affect the capacity of
the connection.
Design Slip Resistance of SCBC : Rn
Slip resistance = Rn = m * Du * hsc * Tb * Ns
where,
f = 1.0 for connections at serviceability limit
f = 0.85 for connections at the required strength level.
Du = 1.13 reflects the ratio of the mean installed bolt pretension Table J3.1
to the specified minimum bolt pretension. Minimum Bolt Tension (Tb),
(rasio rata2 pratarik baut terpasang terhadap pratarik baut minimum
kips*
yang disyaratkan)
Bolt Size, in. A325 Bolts A490 Bolts
½ 12 15
hsc = hole factor 5/8 19 24
= 1.00 for STD, 0.85 for OVS and SSLT, 0.70 for LSLT) ¾ 28 35
7/8 39 49
Tb = minimum bolt tension given in Table J3.1 1 51 64
1 1/8 56 80
Ns = number of slip planes 1 1/4 71 102
1 3/8 85 121
1 1/2 103 148
*Equal to 0.70 of minimum tensile strength of bolts, rounded off to
nearest kip, as specified in ASTM specifications for A325 and A490 bolts
with UNC threads.
Table J3.1 Minimum Bolt Tension (Tb)
Example. Design a slip-critical splice for a tension member subjected to 300 kips of
tension loading. The tension member is a W8 x 28 section made from A992 (50 ksi)
material. The unfactored dead load is equal to 50 kips and the unfactored live load is
equal to 150 kips. Use A325 bolts. The splice should be slip-critical at service loads.
Splice p late
W8 x 28 W8 x 28
Splice p late
Step II. Slip-critical splice connection, assume class A surface, Standard holes (STD)
fRn of one fully-tensioned slip-critical bolt = f 0.35x1.13x 1 x Tb Ns
Choose 16 fully tensioned 7/8 in. A325 bolts on each side of the splice
3 3 3 1.25
Bearing strength at edge holes (Le = 1.25 in.) = 40.8 kips/in. thickness
Bearing strength at non-edge holes (s = 3.0”) = 91.4 kips/in. thickness
Bearing strength = 4 x 40.8 x 0.465 +12 x 91.3 x 0.465 = 673 kips
Step V. Design the splice plate
Tension yielding: 0.9 Ag Fy > 300 kips; Ag > 6.66 in2
Tension fracture: 0.75 An Fu > 300 kips
An =Ag - 4 x (7/8 +1/8) x t > 6.15 in.
Gusset t=12mm
D22 A308
250
WF250x125
(a) (b)
The Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) process:
(2) Groove weld, are those deposited in a gap, or groove, between two parts
to be connected. They are most frequently used for butt, tee, and corner
joints. In most cases, one or both of the connected parts will have beveled
edges, called prepared edges, although relatively thin materials can be
groove welded with no edge preparation.
Fillet weld
Fillet weld
Fillet Welds
Assumption the cross section (A) =
Effective throat thickness 0.707 a x length L
Throat = a x cos45o
a = 0.707 a
Fw depends on the weld metal used – that is, it is a function of the type
electrode.
Ultimate tensile strength of Electrode: 60, 70, 80, 90, and 110ksi.
E60XX / E60 = an electrode with an ultimate tensile strength of 60 ksi.
This is the standard terminology for weld electrodes
Fw in a fillet weld = 0.60 times the tensile strength of the weld metal,
denoted by FEXX.
axis of weld
(b)
& Longitudinal L2
2a
(c)
L3
Shear yielding;
f Rn = 1.0 x 0.6 Fy x gross area of base metal subjected to shear
Shear rupture;
fRn = 0.75 x 0.6 Fu x net area of base metal subjected to shear
where, Fy and Fu are the yield and tensile strength of the base metal.
Example :
Plan
Elevation
Strength of weld in shear Strength of base metal
Example:
Rn FBM t
Practical Considerations:
To ¼ inclusive 1/8
Over ¼ to ½ 3/16
Over ½ to ¾ ¼
Over 3/4 5/16
[a] Leg dimension of fillet welds. Single pass welds must be used.
[b] See Section J2.2b for maximum size of fillet welds.
SNI Baja
Maximum Size of fillet welds amax:
- function of the thickness of the thickest connected plate:
- plates with thickness 0.25 in., amax = t or 0.25 in. (the smallest).
- plates with thickness 0.25 in., amax = t - 1/16 in.
1/4 6
1/4 Both side
6
Weld all arround
1/4 6
E70 1/4 6
Reference Field weld
Example . Determine the design strength of the tension member and connection
system shown below. The tension member is a 4 in. x 3/8 in. thick rectangular bar.
It is welded to a 1/2 in. thick gusset plate using 1/4in of E70XX electrode . Consider
the yielding and fracture of the tension member. Consider the shear strength of the
weld metal and the surrounding base metal if using grade A36.
t = 0.5 in.
End returns :
Min size = 2 a = 0.5 in. OK!
Step II. Design strength of the weld
Base Metal strength = min {fx 0.6 x Fy x Lw x t ; fx 0.6 x Fu x Lw x t}
= min {1.0 x 0.6 x 50 x 10 x 3/8 ; 0.75 x 0.6 x 65 x 10 x 3/8}
= min {112.5 ; 109.7 kips}
= 109.7 kips
Welding on both
sides of gusset. L1 a
(b)
2a
L2
(c)
Lw= 30 in. for two angles
Assume Lw for each = 15.0 in.
E70XX fillet weld can be placed in
three ways (a), (b), and (c). L3
Step IV. Layout of Connection
(a) AISC Spec. requires that the fillet weld
terminate at a distance greater than the
size (1/2 in.) of the weld. For this option,
L1 will be equal to 7.5 in.
Welding on both
sides of gusset. L1 a
The fillet weld can be returned
(b) continuously around the corner for a
distance of at least 2 a (1 in.).
L2 can be either 6.5 in. or 7.5 in.
2a
However, the value of 7.5 in. is
preferred.
L2
L3
Step V. Fracture strength of the member
Ae = U A g
U = 1- x/L Asssume case a ------ U = 1-0.901/7.5 = 0.88 0.9
fRn = 0.75 x 0.88 x 8.00 x 58 = 306.24 kips > 250 kips OK
E70
7 120
┘120.120.8
E70 gusset 9mm
7 75
Determine connection design
strength where Electrode 70 is used
as connector
References
Many pictures in this file are taken from
various sources such as AISC, SNI Baja
Indonesia & William T Segui Book.
This file is for teaching purposes only.