Math 8

Prayer
Our loving and generous God, we praise and thank you for the
bountiful blessings You have given to us.
Thank you for giving us a mind that can know and a heart that can
love.
Thank you for giving us the chance to continue learning amidst
the pandemic that have cause a lot of changes in our lives.
We humbly ask for forgiveness for the times we have failed You.
When learning becomes difficult, grant us the gifts of courage and
enthusiasm.
All this we pray, in your mighty name
Amen.
Rational Expressions
September 30, 2021
 Objectives
At the end of this unit, you should be
able to:
 describe a rational algebraic
expression;
identify the domain of a rational
algebraic expression;
simplify rational algebraic
expressions;
Rational Expressions

1. Write the following fractions in

lowest terms.
 𝑎 . 25 𝑑  .
54
108
36

32 63
𝑏  . 𝑒  .
88 27

45
𝑐  .
85
Rational Expressions

You may think of a rational expression as a “ratio” (as in the

word “rational”) of two polynomials.
Rational Expressions

Domain of a Rational
Expression
Recall that the domain of any function consists of the set of all
allowable values of 𝑥. Since a rational expression is essentially a
fraction, its denominator cannot be equal to 0. Recall that a
fraction with a zero denominator is undefined. The same is true
for rational expressions. Thus, you always have to know for
which values of 𝑥 the rational expression you are solving will be
undefined.
Rational Expressions
As a function, the domain of any rational algebraic expression is
always the set of real numbers except the restricted values of 𝑥.
Rational Expressions
 
Example 1: Is the expression a rational algebraic
expression?
Solution: This is not a rational expression
because of the radical term, √𝑥, in the
numerator. Radical expressions, like the
square root of a variable, are not allowed
in the numerator or denominator because
by definition, a rational expression must
be the ratio of two polynomials. √𝑥 is not
a polynomial.
Rational Expressions
 
Example 1a: Is the expression a rational algebraic
expression?
Rational Expressions
 
Example 2: Given the expression , find the value(s) of 𝒙 for which it
is undefined.
Solution:
Step 1: Equate the
denominator to 0.
Step 2: Solve for the value of x.
 
Find the value of 𝑥 that makes the rational
expression undefined.
Rational Expressions
  𝑥+𝑐
Example 3: What is the domain of  
2
𝑥 − 3 𝑥 −28

Solution:
Step 1: Equate the
denominator to 0.
Step 2: Factor the polynomial if
possible.
Step 3: Equate each factor to 0
and solve for the value of x.
Rational
Expressions
 Example 4: It is known that the velocity
of an object is determined by its
displacement divided by time and is
expressed in terms of m/s. If the object’s
displacement is (𝑥 + 5) meters and the
time it took for the object to travel the
said displacement is seconds, for which
values of the variable 𝑥 is the velocity
undefined?
Rational
Expressions
Solution:
Step 1: Form the rational expression for
the velocity. Velocity is the ratio of the
object’s displacement to the time. Thus,
the expression for the velocity is given by:

Step 2: Equate the denominator to 0.

Step 3: Factor the
denominator.
Step 4: Equate each factor to 0
Rational
Expressions
 
The velocity of the car is defined
by a displacement of 2𝑥 + 1 meters
and a time of seconds. For what
values of 𝑥 will the velocity of the
car be undefined?
Simplifying Rational
Expressions
September 30, 2021
 Objectives
At the end of this unit, you should be
able to:
 describe a rational algebraic
expression;
 identify the domain of a rational
algebraic expression;
 simplify rational algebraic
expressions;
Simplifying Rational Expressions
 
Consider the fraction
Simplifying Rational Expressions

Rational expressions, just like fractions, can be

simplified to simplest
To simplify rational or lowest
expressions, do terms.
theStep
following steps:factor the numerator and
1: Completely
denominator.

Step 2: Reduce the numerical coefficients to lowest terms. Cancel the

common factors from both the numerator and the denominator. The
remaining expressions will then be in simplified form.
Simplifying Rational Expressions
 
Example 1: What is the simplified
form of
 Prayer
Our loving and generous God, we praise and thank you for the
bountiful blessings You have given to us.
Thank you for giving us a mind that can know and a heart that can
love.
Thank you for giving us the chance to continue learning amidst
the pandemic that have cause a lot of changes in our lives.
We humbly ask for forgiveness for the times we have failed You.
When learning becomes difficult, grant us the gifts of courage and
enthusiasm.
All this we pray, in your mighty name
Amen.
Simplifying Rational Expressions
 
Example 2: What is the simplified
form of
Simplifying Rational Expressions
 (3 𝑥 +1 ) ( 𝑥+1)
Example 3: Simplify
2
𝑥 −1
Simplifying Rational Expressions
4
  𝑥 −1
Example 4: Simplify
2
𝑥 − 2 𝑥 +1
Simplifying Rational Expressions
Example 5: A rectangular mirror on a wall has a width of 2𝑥 + 3
inches and its length is 4𝑥 + 6 inches. Find the ratio of its width
to its perimeter in simplest form
Step 1: Form the expression for the mirror’s
perimeter

Step 2: Form the expression for ratio of the

mirror’s width to its perimeter.
 Simplifying Rational
Expressions

The body of a hanger without its hook part is

in the form of an isosceles triangle. The length
of each of the two equal sides of this triangle is
8𝑥 + 4 cm. The perimeter of the triangle 28 𝑥 +
14 cm. Find the ratio of the length of the base
to the perimeter of the triangle.
Addition and Subtraction
of Rational Expressions
October 07, 2021
 Objectives
At the end of this unit, you should be
able to:
 add or subtract similar rational
algebraic expressions;
 find the least common
denominator of dissimilar
rational algebraic expressions;
 add or subtract dissimilar
rational algebraic expressions;
 Addition and Subtraction of
Rational Expressions
Addition and Subtraction of Similar Rational Algebraic Expressions

Just like in adding and subtracting fractions, addition and subtraction of

rational algebraic expressions can only be done when all expressions
have the same denominator. This will enable us to directly add or
subtract the numerators and copy the same denominator.
1  3
+ =¿ To add rational expressions with the same
2 2
denominator, we do the following steps:

2  4
+ =¿
Step 1: Add the numerators and copy the
5 5 common denominator.

Step 2: Simplify the sum if possible.

 Addition and Subtraction of
Rational Expressions
Addition and Subtraction of Dissimilar Rational Algebraic Expressions

In cases where rational algebraic expressions have dissimilar

denominators, the least common denominator (LCD) is needed. Just like
with fractions, the LCD will be used to rewrite each rational algebraic
expression with one common denominator.
To find There
the LCD,are
we various
can do techniques
the following steps:
1  1
2that
3 can be used to find the LCD, including properties of polynomials.
+ =¿

Step 1: Completely factor each denominator.

2  4 Use exponents for repeated factors.
+ =¿
5 7
Step 2: Form the product of all the different
factors that appear in the denominators.
 Addition and Subtraction of
Rational Expressions
Example 1: What is the sum of the rational
algebraic expressions below?
𝑥+3 𝑥 − 4
  +
𝑥 −2 𝑥 −2
 Addition and Subtraction of
Rational Expressions
Example 2: What is the sum of the rational
algebraic expressions below?
 2 𝑥 +9 + 4 𝑥 −1
𝑥+ 4 𝑥 +4
 Addition and Subtraction of
Rational Expressions
Example 3: What is the sum of the rational
algebraic expressions
2
below?
3 2
  𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 +2 𝑥+6
𝑥 +3 𝑥+ 3
 Addition and Subtraction of
Rational Expressions
Example 4: What is the difference of rational
algebraic expressions given below?
 4 𝑥 − 1 2 𝑥 −9
−
𝑥+ 4 𝑥+ 4
 Addition and Subtraction of
Rational Expressions
Example 4: What is the difference of rational
algebraic expressions given below?
  𝑥 1
−
𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 +2
2
Multiplication and Division
of Rational Expressions
October 12, 2021
 Objectives
At the end of this unit, you should be
able to:
 multiply rational algebraic
expressions; and
 divide rational algebraic
expressions.
 Multiplication and Division of Rational
Expression

One of the most important prerequisites in multiplying and dividing

rational
The main expressions
idea in is knowing how
multiplying andto dividing
simplify them.
rational algebraic
expressions is very similar to how you multiply and divide rational
numbers. Method 1: Multiply the
2  1
× =¿ numerators, multiply the
3 4
denominators, then simplify
5  1
× =¿
to lowest terms.
Method 2: Cancel the
6 2
common terms vertically or
diagonally. Then, multiply
the numerators as well as
 Multiplication and Division of Rational
Expression
2  1
÷ =¿
3 4 Get the reciprocal of
the divisor and then
proceed to
5  2 multiplication.
÷ =¿
6 3

Multiplying rational algebraic expressions also involves the

horizontal multiplication of the numerators and the denominators
of the two fractions, one at a time.
The difference is that you must factor the numerator and the
denominator of each fraction. That way, it is easier to simplify the
 Multiplication and Division of Rational
Expression
When it comes to division, there is one main rule that needs to be
followed. A division of fractions can be easily turned into
multiplication using the formula:

In other words, we interchange the numerator and the denominator

of the divisor and then change the operation to multiplication.
 Multiplication and Division of Rational
Expression
Example 1: Find the product of the
given rational algebraic expressions.

Solution:
Step 1: Factor the numerators and
denominators.
Step 2: Cancel the common factors
vertically or diagonally.
Step 3: Multiply the remaining
numerators and then multiply
the remaining denominators.
 Multiplication and Division of Rational
Expression
Example 1: Find the product of the
given rational algebraic expressions.

Solution:
Step 1: Factor the numerators and
denominators.
Step 2: Cancel the common factors
vertically or diagonally.
Step 3: Multiply the remaining
numerators and then multiply
the remaining denominators.
Multiplication and Division
of Rational Expressions
October 14, 2021
 Prayer
Our loving and generous God, we praise and thank you for the
bountiful blessings You have given to us.
Thank you for giving us a mind that can know and a heart that can
love.
Thank you for giving us the chance to continue learning amidst
the pandemic that have cause a lot of changes in our lives.
We humbly ask for forgiveness for the times we have failed You.
When learning becomes difficult, grant us the gifts of courage and
enthusiasm.
All this we pray, in your mighty name
Amen.
 ?

Panda
 ?

Monkey
 ?

Cat
?

Duck
 Multiplication and Division of Rational
Expression
Example 2: Find the quotient of the given
rational algebraic expressions.

Solution:
Step 1: Factor the numerators and the
denominators.
Difference of two cubes: 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)
(𝑎2
+ 𝑎𝑏 +3𝑏 )
2
Thus, 𝑥 − 1 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1).
 Multiplication and Division of Rational
Expression
Step 2: Get the reciprocal of
the divisor and proceed to
multiplication.
Step 3: Cancel the common
factors vertically or
diagonally.
Step 4: Multiply the
remaining numerators and
then multiply the remaining
denominators.
 Multiplication and Division of Rational
Expression
Find the quotient of the given rational
algebraic expressions.
Multiplication and Division of Rational
Expression
Multiplication and Division of Rational
Expression