THE CASE FOR MANUAL ANALYSIS

BRAINTEASERS
THERE WILL ONLY BE ONE
WINNER FOR THIS GAME.
THE PERSON WITH MOST
NUMBER OF CORRECT
ANSWERS, WINS.

GOODLUCK!
LET’S
PLAY!!!
NOON
Lazy afternoon
ESROH
RIDING
Horseback riding
IGOONCNFUTI
RA
NAENGAEMT
Configuration Management
HISTORY
HISTORY
HISTORY
History repeats itself
MISUNDERSTOOD
Networking
ME_REPEA
T
Repeat after me
Basic Networking Principle
YYY
MEN 3 wise men
Planning Blocks
JOB
Inside Job
 0
M.D.
B.A. 3 degrees below 0

Ph.D.
Nafish
Nafish
Tuna Fish
Mobile Data
ALL/
rld
Small world after all
wo
ICAHITALM
RET AFSOLT
Arithmetical Floats
R/E/A/D/I/N/G
Reading between the lines
 SID
PLAYIN

E
G Playing inside
Float/s
Left…
The price is right

price
 2 um
+ 2 um
Forum
 ou !
nk y
T ha
THE CASE FOR MANUAL ANALYSIS
Manual analysis
involves starting at the highest-level handling method and determining
whether it can actually be applied. If not, then the subsequent methods
must be considered.

Manual testing
is the one in which application testing happens manually. The test
cases/scenarios are executed one by one by Testers.
Writing a Case Study Analysis

Investigate Examine Propose

Preparing the Case
Before you begin writing, follow these guidelines to help you prepare & understand the case
study:
1. Read and Examine the Case Thoroughly
 Take notes, highlight relevant facts, underline key problems.
2. Focus Your Analysis
 Identify two to five key problems.
 Why do they exist?
 How do they impact the organization?
 Who is responsible for them?
3. Uncover Possible Solutions/Changes Needed
 Review course readings, discussions, outside research, your experience.
4. Select the Best Solution
 Consider strong supporting evidence, pros, and cons. Is this solution realistic?
Drafting the Case
Introduction

Key Problem, outcome summary of analysis

Background

Relevant Facts, Most Important Issues

Evaluation of the Case

What is not working? Why?

Proposed solutions/changes

Specific and realistic solution supported by solid evidence

Recommendations

Strategies in accomplishing proposed solutions, who should do it?

Finalizing the Case
After you have composed the first draft of your case study analysis, read
through it to check for any gaps or inconsistencies in content or structure:

• Is your statement clear and direct?

• Have you provided solid evidence?
• Is any component from the analysis missing?
LESTER DIAGRAM
LESTER DIAGRAM
With the development of the network grid, the drafting of an arrow diagram
enables the activities to be easily organized into disciplines or work areas and
eliminates the need to enter reference numbers into the nodes.
The grid system also makes it possible to produce acceptable arrow
diagrams on a computer that can be used ‘in the field’ without converting
them into the conventional bar chart.
AoA Network Drawn on
Grid
LESTER DIAGRAM
In practice, resourceful planners can overcome
the problem by combining the new activity with
one of the existing activities. 
If, for example, two adjoining activities were
‘Cast Column, 4 days’ and ‘Cast Beam, 2 days’
and it were necessary to insert ‘Strike
Formwork, 2 days’ between the two activities,
the planner would simply restate the first
activity as ‘Cast Column and Strike Formwork,
6 days’
LESTER DIAGRAM
Furthermore the fact that the grid numbers
were on the nodes meant that when it was
necessary to move a string along one or
more grid spaces, the relationship between
the grid number and the activity changed.
This could complicate the EVA analysis. To
overcome this, the grid number was
placed between the nodes
LESTER DIAGRAM
It can be argued that a precedence network
lends itself admirably to a grid system, because
the grid number is always and permanently
related to the activity and is therefore ideal for
EVA. However, the problem of the congested
link lines (especially the vertical ones) remains.
The new diagram, which could be called the
‘Lester’ diagram, is simply an arrow diagram
where each activity is separated by a short link
in the same way as in a precedence network
LESTER DIAGRAM
In this way it is possible to eliminate or at
least reduce logic errors, show total float,
and free float as easily as on a precedence
network, but it has the advantages of an
arrow diagram in speed of drafting, clarity
of link presentation, and the ability to insert
new activities in a grid system without
altering the grid number/activity
relationship.
LESTER DIAGRAM
If a line or box is drawn around any
activity, the similarity between the Lester
diagram and the precedence diagram
becomes immediately apparent.
LESTER DIAGRAM
• Although all the examples in subsequent chapters use arrow diagrams,
precedence diagrams or ‘Lester’ diagrams could be substituted in most cases.
The choice of technique is largely one of personal preference and familiarity.
Provided the user is satisfied with one system and is able to extract the
maximum benefit, there is little point in changing to another.
The advantages of a Lester diagram are:
1. Faster to draw than precedence diagram
2. As in a precedence diagram:
• total float is vertical difference
• free float is horizontal difference;

3. Room under arrow for duration and total float value;

4. Logic lines can cross the activity arrows;
5. Requires less space on paper when drafting the network;
6. Good for examinations due to speedy drafting and elimination of node boxes;
7. Can be updated for progress by ‘redding’ up activity arrows as arrow diagram;
8. Uses same procedures for computer inputting as precedence networks;
9. Output from computer similar to precedence network;
10. Can be used on a grid;
11. Less chance of error when calculating backward pass due to all lines
emanating from one node point instead of one of four sides of a rectangular
node;
12. Shows activity as flow lines rather than points in time;
13. Looks like an arrow diagram, but is in fact more like a precedence diagram;
14. No risk of individual link lines being merged into a thick black line when
printed out; and
15. No possibility of creating the type of logic error often associated with
ladders.
 GRAPHICAL AND
COMPUTER ANALYSIS
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
An important tool for understanding sources of variation in the data and
thereby helping to better understand the process and where root causes might
be. Conclusions drawn may require verification through further advanced
statistical techniques such as significance testing and experimentation. It
allows:
• Quickly learn about the nature of the process
• Enables clarity of communication
• Provides focus for further analysis
Line Charts
 Monitor and track data overtime
 Process performance measures
 connecting the data points by
straight lines to highlight trends
in the data
Pie Charts
 Compare proportions
 Simplicity and ease of interpretation
 Display the proportion of each
category relative to the whole data
Bar Charts
 Frequency of occurrence of attribute
data
 Focus on the absolute value of the
data
 Show comparisons among
categories
Dot plot/Dot Chart
 Representation of data using dots
plotted on a simple scale
 displaying small to moderate data
sets when the values are not spread
out very much
COMPUTER BASED DATA ANALYSIS
What is CAQDAS?
• Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis
• Software packages: ‘tools to mechanize tasks of ordering and archiving texts..
For “data administration” and archiving rather than tools for “data analysis”
• Example: -Atlas-ti
-Winmax
-Nvivo
-NUDIST
-Ethnograph
Nature of Qualitative Data Computer can be used in statistical analysis for

• Largely unstructured • Data collection

• Data entry
• Mostly text
• Data checking
• Data screening
• Definite analysis
• Presentation of analysis
Use of computer software in qualitative studies
• Transcribing data
• Writing/editing the data
• Storage of data
• Coding data (keywords or tags)
• Search and retrieval of data
• Data linking of related text
• Writing/editing memos about the data
• Display of selected reduced data
• Graphic mapping
• Preparing reports
Advantages of computer-aided qualitative data analysis
• Efficient, save time, assist the management of larger samples, good for research teams
• Makes research process more systematic & explicit, making it seem more trustworthy
• Enhances the researcher’s creativity by allowing more time to experiment & play with data
• Organized and controllable data set
• Support for coding
• Searching text and codes
• Support for comparative analysis
• Models, networks and diagrams
• Interface with quantitative data
Limitations of computer –aided qualitative data analysis
• Time constraints
• Can become overwhelmed by larger samples and the wider volume of data that the
software can technically manage.
• Need to learn how to use the software (and need to buy it)
• Distance or hinder creativity
• Machine between researcher and data
• Limited guidance
• Selecting appropriate programs
• Changing categories/moving information
MILESTONES AND LINE OF BALANCE
 MILESTONES
TABLE
• sets the plan into practical, concrete terms,
with real budgets, deadlines, and
management responsibilities
• Helps focus in writing business plan
• Helps in implementing plan effectively
• List specific action = milestone = real plan
= specific and measurable activities
• Follow the plan
• Tracking milestones
• analyzing the plan-vs-actual results
 The value of a plan is measured in its implementation.
PROGRESS REPORTING
PROGRESS REPORT

is an informational report that explains what has been, is being, and

will be accomplished on a long-term project or goal. It provides
information about the status of a project or objective prior to
completion
Writing a progress report
• No more than 5-7 items under each category
• Don’t use 1-2 word tasks, Use longer sentences, commentary, background etc.
• if your manager or your co-workers will understand and learn something
• most good reporting practices use either a weekly or monthly paradigm

A progress report can be put together at many different times, depending on

the goal of the report
Daily Progress Reports
• Short and sweet
• Between a manager & team member
• Quick overview of daily task achieved

Weekly Progress Reports

• Between a manager & team member
• what a team member hoped to
achieve in the week vs. what they
actually achieved
Monthly Progress Reports
• Update individual/department progress
• Best delivered as overview
• How is your department performing

Quarterly Progress Reports

• All business have quarterly goal
• targeted towards whether or not quarterly
goals were reached, or not, and why
Annual Progress Reports
• Final report of the year
• aimed at company-wide or towards
leadership
• What did your department achieve across
the entire year?
• What can you celebrate?
Why is a progress report important?
• It gets everyone on the same page
• It facilitates collaboration
• It improves transparency and accountability by providing a paper trail
• It improves project evaluation and review
• It provides insights for future planning
THANK YOU!