SDH Principle

Frame Structure &

Multiplexing Methods
CONTENTS
SDH Overview Overheads & Pointers

2
Emergence of SDH

 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

 It defines a standard frame structure, a specific multiplexing
method, and so on.
What is SDH?

 Need for a system to process increasing amounts of

information.
Why did SDH  New standard that allows interconnecting equipment of
different suppliers.
emerge?

3
Advantages of SDH

SDH optical interfaces PDH electrical interfaces

Can be connected to different Only 3 regional standards: European
Interfaces
vendors’ optical transmission (2.048 Mb/s), Japanese, North American
equipments
(1.544 Mb/s)

SDH electrical interfaces PDH optical interfaces

Universal standards No standards, manufacturers

develop at their will

4
Disadvantages of PDH

Multiplexing methods: Level by level

140 Mb/s 140 Mb/s

34 Mb/s 34 Mb/s
8 Mb/s 8 Mb/s

Demultiplexers Multiplexers
2 Mb/s

Not suitable for huge-volume transmission More equipment to achieve this functionality
Headache for network planners More equipment  More floor space
More power  More costs
5
Advantages of SDH

 Multiplexing methods: byte interleaved

STM-1A Lower rate SDH to higher rate SDH One Byte from
AA A (STM-1 STM-4 STM-16  STM-64) STM-1 B

STM-1B …
BB B
STM-4

STM-1C
C C
4:1 --- Synchronous multiplexing method and
STM-1D
flexible mapping structure
D D --- Multistage pointer to align PDH loads in
What about PDH? SDH frame, thus, dynamic drop-and-insert
capabilities

6
Advantages of SDH

PDH OAM function SDH

In the frame structure of PDH
signals, there are few overhead
bytes used for OAM.
 Weak OAM function
 Abundant overheads bytes for OAM.
 Remote & Centralized Management.
 Fast circuit provisioning from centralized
point.

7
Advantages of SDH

 Compatibility
STM-N
STM-N Transmi Receive
t

Processing Processing
SDH Network

Container Container

Pack Unpack

PDH SDH ATM PDH SDH ATM

Ethernet Ethernet
Service Signal Flow Model

8
Comparison between SDH and PDH

SDH  Low bandwidth utilization ratio

 In PDH, E4 signal (140Mbits/s) can contain 64 E1 signals.
 In SDH, STM-1 (155 Mbits/s) can only carry 63 E1
signals.
 Complex mechanism of pointer justification
 Influence of excessive use of software on system security

9
 Frame Structure &
Multiplexing Methods
CONTENTS
SDH Overview Overheads & Pointers

10
SDH Frame Structure

Frame = 125 us
From ITU-T
G.707 ：

1
One frame lasts for 125
microseconds (8000 2
frames/s) 3
 Rectangular block
4
structure 9 rows and 9 rows
270 columns (Basic 5
frame: STM-1) 6
 Each unit is one byte 7
(8
bits) 8
 Transmission mode: 9
Byte by byte, row by
row, from left to right,
from top to bottom 270 Columns

Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000

11
SDH Frame Structure

Frame = 125 us

Three parts
：
1
RSOH
2
 SOH 3 AU-PTR
4
Information
 AU-Pointer 5 Payload 9 rows
MSOH
6
 Information 7
Payload 8
9
9
270 Columns

12
SDH Frame Structure

Information LPOH, TU-PTR

Payload RSOH
： packag
 Also known as Virtual AU-PTR e

HPOH
Container level 4 (VC- 9 rows Payload low rate signal
4)
 Used to transport low MSOH package
speed tributary
signals
 Contains low rate LPOH, TU-PTR
9 1 Data
signals and Path
Overhead (POH) 270 Columns package
 Location: rows
#1 ~ #9,
columns #10 ~
#270

13
SDH Frame Structure

Types of Section 1
2 RSOH
Overhead ： 3
AU-PTR Information
 RSOH monitors the 5 Payload 9 rows
regenerator MSOH
6
section
 MSOH monitors the 7
multiplexing section 8
Location: 9
 RSOH: rows #1 ~ #3,
9
columns #1 ~ #9
 MSOH: rows #5 ~
270 Columns
#9,
columns #1 ~ #9

Functions: Fulfills the section layer OAM

14
SDH Frame Structure

Types of Section RSOH

Overhead ：
AU-PTR Information
Function: 9 rows
Payload
 Indicates the first byte MSOH
of VC4

Location: J1

9
 row #4, columns #1 ~
#9 270 Columns

Functions: Fulfills the section layer OAM

15
SDH Multiplexing Features

SDH • SDH Multiplexing includes:

 Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1  STM-N)
 PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M  STM-N)
 Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (IP  STM-N)

• Some terms and definitions:

 Mapping
 Aligning
 Multiplexing

16
SDH Multiplexing Features
×1 ×1 AU-4-64c VC-4-64c C-4-64c
STM-64 AUG-64
×4
×1 ×1
STM-16 AUG-16 AU-4-16c VC-4-16c C-4-16c
×4
×1 ×1
STM-4 AUG-4 AU-4-4c VC-4-4c C-4-4c
×4
×1
×1
STM-1 AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 E4 signal

×3

Mapping ×1 E3 signal
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3
Aligning
×7
Multiplexing
TUG-2

TU-12 VC-12 C-12 E1 signal

Go to glossary
×3

17
SDH Multiplexing Features

From 140Mb/s to STM-N

C4 VC4
1 1
H
Rate Add HPOH
140M adaptation Next
P
9 Mapping 9
O
1 260 1 261
125 125μ
μs H s

18
SDH Multiplexing Features

From 140Mb/s to STM-N

AUG-1 1 STM-1 270

10 270
RSOH
Info
Add AU-PTR AU-4 Add
X1 AU-PTR Payload
AU-PTR
MSOH
SOH 9
Aligni Multiplexing
ng AUG-N 1 STM-N 270N

RSOH
Add Info
One STM-1 frame can AU-PTR Payload
load only one
140Mbit/s Signal MSOH
SOH 9

19
SDH Multiplexing Features

From 34Mb/s to STM-N

C3 VC3

1 1
L
34M Rate Add LPOH P Next
Adaptation
O
9 9
1 84 Mapping 1 H 85
125μ 125μ
s s

20
SDH Multiplexing Features

From 34Mb/s to STM-N

TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4

1 8 1 86 1 3 261
6 1 1 1
H1 H1
H
H2 Fill H2
1st ×3
align P R R
H3 gap R
H3
O
9 9 9
Aligning H Same
Multiplexing
procedure
as 140M

21
SDH Multiplexing Features

From 2Mb/s to STM-N

C12 VC12 TU12

1 4 1 LPOH
4 1
1
4
Add 1 Add 1 Next
2M
Rate
LPOH TU-PTR
Adaptation page
9 9 9
125μ Mapping Aligning TU-PTR
s

22
SDH Multiplexing Features

From 2Mb/s to STM-N

TUG-2 TUG-3

1 12 1 86
1 1

X3 X7 R R

9 9
Same
procedure
Multiplexing Multiplexing
as 34M

23
Questions

?
What are the main parts of SDH
Frame structure?

?
What is the transmission rate of
STM-4? How to calculate it ?

24
 Frame Structure &
Multiplexing Methods
CONTENTS
SDH Overview Overheads & Pointers

25
Overheads

Overheads

Section Path
Overhead Overhead
(SOH) (POH)

Regenerator Multiplex Section High Order Path Low Order Path

Section Overhead Overhead Overhead Overhead
(RSOH) (MSOH) (HPOH) (LPOH)

26
Overheads

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J X X J1
RSOH
2 0
B1 ● ● E1 ● F1 X X B3
3

HPOH: VC-3/4
4 D1 ● ● D2 ● D3   C2
5 G1
AU-
6 PTR
MSOH

B2 B2 B2 K2 F2
7
K1
8 D4  D5 D6 H4
9 F3
D7 D8 D9
D12  K3
●D1M0edia dependent bytesD(1R1adio-link, V5 J2 N2
X R1eserved for National use
Satellite) M1 K4LPOH: VC-11/12 N1
SHuawei propriety bytes
E2
27
A1 and A2 Bytes

A1 and
A2
Bytes ：

Framing Bytes :
STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N
 Indicate the beginning
of the STM-N frame

 Bytes are Finding frame head

unscrambled
。  A1 = f 6H (11110110)
A2 = 28H (00101000)

28
A1 and A2 Bytes

Frame
A1 and
A2 N over 625μs
Find
Bytes ： A1,A2 (5
frames)
Framing Bytes : Y OOF
 Indicate the beginning
over 3ms
of the STM-N frame
LOF
 Bytes are
unscrambled
。 Next AIS
 A1 = f 6H (11110110)
process
A2 = 28H (00101000)

29
D1 ~ D12 Bytes

D1 ~ D12
Bytes ：

Data Communications NE NE NE NE
Channel (DCC) Bytes :

 RS-DCC – D1 ~ D3 – DCC channel

192 Kbit/s (3x64 Kbit/s) TMN OAM Information: Operation,
 MS-DCC – D4 ~ D12 –
Administration and maintenance
576 Kbit/s (9x64 Kbit/s)

30
E1 and E2 Bytes

E1 ~ E2
Bytes ：
NE NE NE NE
Orderwire Bytes :

 E1 – RS Orderwire Byte E1 and E2

 Used between
regenerators Digital telephone channel
E1-RS, E2-MS
 E2 – MS
Orderwire Byte
 Used between
multiplexers

31
B1 Byte

B1 B y t e ： B1STM-N

Bit interleaved Parity Tx Rx

Code (BIP-8) Byte : A1 00110011
A2 11001100
 A parity code (even A3 10101010 2#STM-N
BIP-8 1#STM-N Calculate B
parity) A4 00001111
 Used to check the
transmission errors over B 01011010 2#STM-N B1 = B
Calculate B’ 1#STM-N
the RS Compare B’ & B  RS-BBE
 B1 BBE is represented
by RS-BBE
(performance event)

32
B2 Byte

B2 Byte

 BIP-24 is usedInterfaces
to check the bit errors over
the MS
 B2 BBE is represented by MS-BBE
(performance event)
 The working mechanism of B2 is same as
B1

33
M1 Byte

M1 B y t e ：
Traffic
Multiplexing Section
Remote Error Indication Tx Rx
Byte :
 A return message from
Rx to Tx ,when Rx find Return M1
B2 bit errors Generate
 Value is the same as the MS-FEBBE Find B2 bit errors
count of BIP-24xN (B2) MS-REI Generate MS-BBE
bit
errors
 Tx generate
corresponding
performance event MS-
FEBBE

34
K1 and K2 (b1-b5) Bytes

Automatic Protection Switching (APS) bytes

I
Interfaces
I I

S I WT
R
S P WT
P P P
R
Used for network
Transmitting APS protocol
multiplexing protection
switch function

35
K2 (b6 ~ b8) Byte

K2 (b6 ~ b8) Start

Byte ：
Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = Detect
"111“ : K2 (b6- 11
 Generate b8) 0
MS-AIS alarm 111

Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = Generate

"110“ : MS-AIS
 Generate MS-RDI
alarm Generate
Return
MS-RDI
MS-RDI

36
S1 Byte

Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSB): S1

 b1 ~ b4  Value indicates the external clock ID

Interfaces
(Extended SSM)
 b5 ~ b8  Value indicates the sync. Level
(Standard SSM)
bits 5 ~ 8 Description
0000 Quality unknown (existing sync. Network)
0010 G.811 PRC
0100 Do not use for sync (DNU).
1000 SSU-B (G.812 local)
1011 G.813 (Sync. Equipment Timing Clock)
1111

37
Path Overheads

1 2 3 4 5
1 6 7 8 9J1 VC-n Path Trace Byte
10
2 R S O H B3 Path BIP-8

3 C2 Path Signal Label

4 A U–P T G1
Path Status
5 R Path User Channel
F2
6 TU Multiframe Indication
H4
7 M S O H Path User Channel
8 F3 AP Switching
9 K3 Network Operator

Higher Order Path Overhead N1

38
J1 Byte

Detect J1
J1 B y t e ：

Path trace byte :

 The first byte of VC-4

N Y
 User-programmable Match
(HUAWEI SBS)
 The received J1
should match the
Next
expected J1
HP-TIM process

39
B3 Byte

Verify B3
B3 B y t e ：

Path bit parity :

 Even parity code

 Used to detect bit
N Y
Correct
errors
 Mechanism is
same as
B1 and B2
HP-BBE Next
process

40
C2 Byte

Detect C2

C2 B y t e ：

Signal label byte : N Y

00H
 The received
C2 should match Y N
Match HP-UNEQ
with the expected C2
 Specifies the mapping
type in the VC-n Next HP-
 00 H  Unequipped process
 02 H  TUG structure SLM
 13 H  ATM mapping Insert AIS

downward

41
Path Overheads

Low Order Path Overhead

V5 B y t e ：
1 4
 Indicated by TU-PTR
1 V5 J2 N2 K4
 Error checking, Signal
Label and Path
Status of VC-12
 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12
b1 - b2  Error
Performance
Monitoring (BIP-2)
 b3  Return Error
detected in VC-12
(LP- REI)
 b8  Return alarm
9
detected in VC-12 (LP-
RDI)
500μs VC-12 multi-frame

42
Pointers

Bytes indicated

 AU-PTR VC-4  J1
 TU-PTR VC-3 Interfaces
J1
VC-12 V5

Pointers

Administrative Tributary
Unit Pointer Unit Pointer
(AU-PTR) (TU-PTR)

43
AU-PTR

1
Positive
Negative
RSOHjustification justification
4
H1YYH2FF H3H3H3 0 --- 1--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86
87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
9 435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 125μs
1 522 --- 523 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 608
RSOH
696 --- 697 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 782

4 H1YYH2FFH3H3H3 0 --- 1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86
87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
9 435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 250μs
1 9 270

44
TU-PTR

TU Multi-frame 500μs

1 4
1
H1
H2
TU POINTERS

H3 VC3
VC- VC- VC- VC-
12 12 12 12

TU POI NT ERS

V V V V
1 2 3 4

45
Questions

?
Which byte is used to report the MS-AIS
and MS-RDI?

What is the mechanism for R-LOF

? generation?

Which byte implements the RS

? (MS/HP) error monitoring?

46
Summary

Frame Structure &

Multiplexing
Methods
SDH Overview Overheads & Pointers

47
 THANK YOU

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