INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Topic 3: Atomic Theory Part 1

1. Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
Recall: Notes:
Basis for Dalton’s Theory

1. Law of Conservation of Mass

matter is no created or destroyed
in a closed system
product amount = reactants
amount in a chemical rxn
2. Law of Constant Composition
pure compound have same
proportion of same elements

CONCEPT CHECK:
A time-travelling scientist from the early 1700s
decides to run the following experiment: he
takes a 10 gram sample of ethanol and burns it in
the presence of oxygen in an open beaker. After
the reaction is done, the beaker is empty. Does
this result violate the law of conservation of
mass?

It is a violation only if the system was closed

when checking for conservation of mass. We
have to be careful to collect the gaseous
products to test if mass is conserved.

Dalton’s Four Theories

1. All matter is made of atoms

Atoms – tiny indivisible particles
that are “solid, massy, hard,
impenetrable, and movable.”
LCM and LDP can be explained
using atoms
No instruments or experiments
done

Summar
Basis for Dalton’s Theory 1. Matter is made up of all elements called
y:
1. Law of Conservation of Mass atoms
2. Law of Constant Composition 2. Atoms are tiny indivisible particles
3. Atoms are solid, massy, hard,
Dalton’s Theory Part 1 impenetrable, and movable
4. No instruments used to test
 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Topic 3: Atomic Theory Part 2
1. Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Recall:
Summar
Dalton’s Hypothesis Part 2-4:
y:
2. Atoms of the same element are identical in size, mass, and properties. Atoms of 2 different
elements are not similar.
3. Compounds are made up of 2 or more element types. The ratio of # of atoms are an integer or
simple fraction
4. Chemical reaction involves separation, combination, and rearrangement of atoms; NOT THE
CREATION OR DESTRUCTION OF ONE.
Notes:
Dalton’s Four Theories
2. All atoms of a given element are identical
in mass and properties.
Na is different from C
Elements may have similar BP, MP,
electronegativities, but not the exact set
of properties
Only mostly true: Atoms can have isotopes
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with
different # of neurons
3. Compounds are combinations of two or more
different types of atoms.
Example: NaCl is a combination of elements
with unique properties with 1:1 ratio.
Atoms are indivisible so they combine in
simple whole numbers.
Example: No Na0.5Cl0.5
4. A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of
atoms.
Rxn will not destroy or create atoms but
rearrange them.
Example: Na combines with Cl. Both of them
still exist in NaCl.
Discrepancies of Dalton’s Discovery
1. Solid and Massy - Mostly Empty Space
2. Atoms have the same properties – Atoms can
have isotopes
 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Topic 3: Atomic Theory Part 1
2. Joseph john Thomson and electrons
Recall:
Notes:
Discovery of Electrons
1. Cathode Ray Tubes Experiment
19th Century - 1897
Cathode Ray tubes
- sealed glass tubes
- emits particle beam or cathode ray
- rays detected by phosphors on anode
- phosphors spark when impacted with
rays
METHOD 1
Placed two oppositely charged electric plates around
cathode ray
Cathode ray was deflected away from (-) charge and
towards (+) charge = Cathode Rays were (-)
METHOD 2
Placed two magnets on either side
Magnetic field deflected the cathode ray

Implications
Results determined mass-to-charge ratio of cathode
ray particles
Led to discovery that mass of each particle is
smaller than any atom

2. Conclusions
Cathode ray is (-)
Particles are part of atom. Mass is ~1/2000 of the
mass of a hydrogen atom
Subatomic particles are in atoms

• Cathode ray particles were named electrons

• Counteracted Dalton’s theory that atoms are
indivisible

Why did Thomson conclude that e- is found on all atoms?

Same particles were emitted even when cathode materials
were changed to different metals.

Summar
Cathode Ray Experiment
y:
Thomson found out that cathode rays were negative when he flashed cathode rays in opposite
electric plates. The cathode ray went to the positive electric plate. He also placed magnets which
deflected cathode rays. He found out that the mass of an atom is smaller by 1/1000 of the atom
and that there are subatomic particles in atoms. Ultimately, electrons were labeled as present in all
elements.
 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Topic 3: Atomic Theory Part 1
2. Joseph john Thomson and electrons
Recall: Notes:
Plum Pudding Model
1. Initial Knowledge: Atoms had overall neutral charge
2. Thomson found that there is a source of positive
charge to balance negative charge.

- Model: atoms have negative particles floating around a

soup of diffuse positive charge

CONCEPT CHECK:
Thomson proposed an atomic
model with distinct negative
charges floating within a "sea"
of positive charge. Can you
think of another model of
the atom that would explain
Thomson's experimental results?

Planetary Model by Hantaro

Nagaoka in which electrons
revolve around a (+) planet.

Summar
y:
Cathode Ray Experiment

Thomson found out that cathode rays were negative when he flashed cathode rays in opposite
electric plates. The cathode ray went to the positive electric plate. He also placed magnets which
deflected cathode rays. He found out that the mass of an atom is smaller by 1/1000 of the atom
and that there are subatomic particles in atoms. Ultimately, electrons were labeled as present in all
elements.

3. Ernest Rutherford
Recall: Notes:
Rutherford
- New Zealand
- Most of career in England and Canada

Summar
y:
 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Topic 3: Atomic Theory Part 1
3. Ernest Rutherford
Recall: Notes:
Gold Foil Experiment

1. He fired a thin beam of alpha particles in a thin

sheet of pure gold.
2. Alpha particles contain Helium+
3. He placed radium in a lead box with small pinholes
4. Alpha particles escaped from the holes
5. Gold foil surrounded by detector screen that
flashes when hit with alpha

Concept Check
• Why was the foil made of gold?
Because gold is malleable and can be molded into thin
sheets. Thin sheets are needed for alpha particle
penetration.

• What is the thinnest gold sheet?

0.00004cm

Rutherford’s Assumption
• a would pass through gold foil because (+) charge in
the soup would be too weak to affect the path

Result
• Few particles were deflected at >90 degrees from
the path

Nuclear Model
1. (+) charge – localized over a very tiny volume of
atom that contains the mass.
2. Atom is mostly empty space because alpha
particles passed through
3. An atom consists of a very small (+) charged
nucleus surrounded by (-) electrons.
Further Questions
1. How did electrons keep
themselves away from the nucleus
if opposite charges attract.

Summar
Rutherford fired alpha particles in a thin sheet of gold foil. Instead of all particles passing
y:
through the foil, few alpha particles deflected ~90 degrees away from a certain area. He
concluded that atom has a tiny amount of (+) charged center, the mass, surrounded by (-)
electrons. Atoms are also mostly empty space.
 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Topic 3: Atomic Theory Part 1
4. Bohr’s hydrogen model and quantum mechanics
Recall: Notes:
Planetary Model

Niels Bohr
1. 20th Century
2. Danish physicist
3. Interested in discrete line spectrum of elements

Unanswered Questions
4. Where are electrons?
5. If e- are around nucleus, why r they not attracted
to nucleus as predicted by classical physics?
6. Relation of internal structure to discrete emission
lines of excited elements

Concept Check
• Why did classical physics predict no.2?
(-) according to it, e- around (+) e-field should emit EM
energy and continue to lose E until it collapses to
nucleus. But this would mean that all atoms are
unstable, hence, invalid.

Quantization and photons

1900s
- Max Planck and Albert Einstein: EM radiation
behaves like a wave and a particle (photons)
- Planck: proposed EM radiation was “quantized” since
light energy can only have values
Ephoton=nhv
n= + integer
h = -6.626x10-34 J . s
v = frequency of light (1/s)
- EM radiation must have energies with multiples of
hv.

Quantization
- QUANTIZED: only specific values are allowed
- Example:
Atomic line spectra: element or ion is heated,
it emits light that can be refracted by a prism,
producing strips of light

Summar
Rutherford fired alpha particles in a thin sheet of gold foil. Instead of all particles passing
y:
through the foil, few alpha particles deflected ~90 degrees away from a certain area. He
concluded that atom has a tiny amount of (+) charged center, the mass, surrounded by (-)
electrons. Atoms are also mostly empty space.
 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
QUIZ 1
1. Two elements' line spectra are not equal Explanation:
because
a. The number of neutrons in the elements Choices Ground With Charge
differ
b. They differ in terms of mass He 2+ 1s2 0
c. The energy levels of their outermost
electrons differ Sc3+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 2s2 2p6
d. They have various valences 3s2 3p6 4s2 3s2 3p6 (D)
3d1

Explanation:
Spectrum – energy levels in different excited Mg2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 2s2 2p6
stats 3s2 (D)
Each line spectra corresponds to a wavelength
O2 +2 1s2 2s2 2p4 1s2 2s2 2p2
unique to an element. Each line represents
(lacking with 4
different energy levels. Thus, line spectra = e-)
energy level.

2. The [Ar]3d10 4s2 4p2 arrangement is

4. Which of the following statements is/are not
comparable to that of
correct
a. Boron
a. Every object emits radiation, the
b. Oxygen
frequency of which is determined by its
c. Sulfur
temperature.
d. Aluminum
b. The quantum energy of a wave is
e. Germanium
proportional to its frequency
Explanation: c. Photons are quanta of light.
d. The Planck constant's value is determined
The last subshell of the configuration is 4p2
by energy.
which means that the element is in the 4p block.
It is in the 4th period (n=4) and on the second
Explanation:
group (exponent of 2) to the p-block (right side
Temperature doesn't affect the frequency of
block.
sound waves
nxy
n – period 5. Which of the following statements about
x – block or region Thomson's atom model is correct?
y – group
a. This model can be used to compute the
Valence electrons – electrons after noble gas radius of an electron.
config b. The electrons will be in their equilibrium
locations in an undisturbed atom, where
the attraction between the cloud of
3. Which of the following ions is/are not positive charge and the electrons
diamagnetic? counteracts their mutual repulsion
a. He (2+) c. When collisions cause electrons to fluctuate
b. Sc (3+) around their equilibrium positions, they
c. Mg (2+) release electromagnetic radiation. The
d. 02 (2+) frequency of this radiation is on the order
of electromagnetic radiation, which is
Explanation: characteristic of these electrons.
Diamagnetic- paired electrons d. It could explain why protons exist.
Paramagnetic – unpaired electrons
 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
QUIZ 1
Explanation:
Bohr model
Correct
Maxwell’s EM Wave Theory
Electrons only
6. Rutherford's experiment with -particle
scattering led to the conclusion that
a. There is a relationship between mass and
energy.
b. The nucleus is where an atom's mass and
positive charge are concentrated.
c. The nucleus contains neutrons.
d. atoms are electrically neutral
Explanation:
In his gold foil experiment, the alpha rays (+)
were deflected away because of the (+) charge
in the gold atom.
7. Only a few alpha particles deflect when a gold
sheet is struck by a beam of them, but the
majority go straight and undeflected. Because of
this,
a. The oppositely charged electrons' force of
attraction on the alpha particles is
insufficient.
b. The volume of a nucleus is substantially
smaller than that of an atom.
c. The repulsive force exerted on the fast-
moving alpha particles is negligible.
d. The alpha particles are unaffected by the
neutrons in the nucleus.
Explanation:
According to Rutherford’s experiment the
nucleus (+) is very small compared to the atom.
Hence, only few alpha particles were deflected
8. Magnesium and oxygen can be found in an
unused flashbulb. The contents are transformed
to magnesium oxide after use, but the total mass
remains the same. The best explanation for this
observation is the
a. Law of Constant Composition.
b. Law of Multiple Proportions.
c. Avogadro's Law
d. Law of Conservation of Mass
9. Which of the following assumptions about
anode rays is incorrect?
a. Electric and magnetic fields cause them to
deflect.
b. The gas in the discharge tube that
produces the anode rays affects their e/m
ratio.
c. Anode rays have a constant e/m ratio.
d. They're made when the gas in the discharge
tube is ionized.
Explanation:
Different gases have different positive rays
that contain particles with different masses and
charges. When you use different gases, mass
ratio also varies.
9. Which of the following assumptions about
anode rays is incorrect?
a. Electric and magnetic fields cause them to
deflect.
b. The gas in the discharge tube that
produces the anode rays affects their e/m
ratio.
c. Anode rays have a constant e/m ratio.
d. They're made when the gas in the discharge
tube is ionized.
Explanation:
Different gases have different positive rays
that contain particles with different masses and
charges. When you use different gases, mass
ratio also varies.
10. Which of the following pairings has the same
e/m value?
a. A proton and a neutron
b. A proton and deuterium
c. Deuterium and an alpha-particle
d. An electron and gamma-rays
Explanation:
e/m ratio depends on charge and mass of
substances. Alpha particle has 2 p+ and 2 n,
Deuterium has 1 p+ and 1 n. They both have a
ratio of 1:1
A, proton and neutron is unspecific
B, proton is unspecific
D. Gamma rays have 0. e- is unspecific
 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
QUIZ 1
11. Given that all of the particles have the same 15. The neutral atoms of all of the isotopes of
velocity, which one will have the lowest de the same element have
Broglie wavelength? a. different numbers of protons.
a. A positron b. equal numbers of neutrons.
b. A photon c. the same number of electrons.
c. An alpha -particle d. the same mass numbers.
d. A neutron
Explanation:
Explanation: Isotopes have the same number of protons and
 λ=ph​=mvh (de Broglie) electrons.
Where: (https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Howard_University/General_Chemistr
y
h=6.62626 x 10-34 J.s %3A_An_Atoms_First_Approach/Unit_1%3A__Atomic_Structure/Chapter_
1%3A_Introduction/Chapter_1.6%3A_Isotopes_and_Atomic_Masses)
v=velocity in m/s
m=mass in kg 16. In its ground state, the outer electronic
configuration ns2 np4 corresponds to
Mass
e. -
↓ which of the following elements?
a. As
f. - b. Ca
g. - c. Cr
h. 1.68 x 10-24 g d. S

Explanation:
12. Which of the following groups of orbitals is Sulfur has valence e- config of 3s2 3p4
correctly arranged in terms of increasing
energy?
17. There are ____________ unpaired
a. 3d < 4s < 4p < 6s < 4d electrons in the ground state of a cobalt atom,
b. 2s< 3d < 4p < 4f < 1s and the atom is
c. 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d a. 5 paramagnetic
d. 1s < 2s < 2p < 4d < 3f b. 3 paramagnetic
c. 2 diamagnetic
Explanation: d. 0 diamagnetic
mnemonics
Explanation:
Co: [Ar] 4s2 3d7
14. Consider the 72 Zn, 75 As, and 74 Ge ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
species. These species have 4s 3d
a. Same proton numbers
b. Same neutron numbers There are 3 unpaired electrons. For it to become
c. Same proton numbers and neutrons diamagnetic (paired), there must be 10 electrons
d. Same proton numbers in the d block.
 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
QUIZ 1
18. How many p electrons are there in an atom of 22. The number of spectral lines emitted when a
Rubidium? hydrogen atom's electron moves from the n = 4
to the n = 1 state is
a. 12 a. 15
b. 18 b. 6
c. 24 c. 3
d. 9 d. 4

Explanation: Explanation:
 Rb: [Kr] 5s1 Number of lines emitted = ½ n(n-1)
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s
There are three subshells, each having 3 23. The quantum number that the Schrödinger
orbitals. In each orbital, there are 2 electrons. wave equation does not provide is
3 x 3 x 2 = 18. a. n
b. l
19. Which atomic orbital is spherical in shape? c. ml
(Note: you should know and be able to recognize d. ms
the shapes of the s orbital, px, py, and pz
orbitals, and dxy, dyz, dxz, dx2-y2 and dz2 Explanation:
orbitals. ms because it was proposed by Uhlenbeck and
Goldschmidt
a. 2s
b. 3p
c. 3d
d. 4f 24. If the value of the principal quantum number
is 3, the maximum number of values the magnetic
Explanation: quantum number can have is
s – spherical
p - dumbbell a. 1
d – crossed/double dumbbell b. 4
f- c. 9
d. 12
20. Which answer encompasses all of the
Explanation:
following chemical rather than physical changes?
I. freezing of water n=3
II. rusting of iron l = s. p. d. f
III. Dropping a piece of iron into HCl
IV. Burning a piece of wood 25. The correct combination of quantum numbers
for a chlorine atom's unpaired
a. III and IV Electron is
b. II a. 2, 0, 0, 1/2
c. I, II. III. IV b. 2, 1, -1, ½
d. II, III. IV c. 3, 1, -1, ½
d. 3, 0, oo
 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Topic 3: Atomic Theory

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