NON-MEDILIAN

INHERITANCE
Terminologies
Genetic- Study of Heredity
Heredity- Process of Inheritance; Passing of
traits
Traits- Characteristics
Chromosomes- 46
Genes – Strand of Chromosomes; Contain
Nucleotides
Terminologies
DNA- DeoxyriboNucleicAcid
RNA –RiboNucleic Acid; Fuel of
DNA;Translate Genetic information
Nucleotide-Basic component of DNA
A T
G C
Alleles – Pairs of Chromosomes
Ex. Xy XX
Terminologies
Dominant- Highest Percentage of traits inherit (H)
Recessive – Small Percentage of traits
inherit(h)
Homogenous- Same qualities inherited from
parent
Ex. Homogenous Red (R ¹R¹) / (R ²R²)/ (r ¹r¹)/ (r ²r²)
Terminologies
Heterogeneous- different qualities inherited
from parent
Ex. Heterogeneous Red (R ¹r¹)/ (R ¹r²)
Phenotype – Physical appearance
-color of eyes
-color of skin
Terminologies
Genotype – Composition of Phenotype
-Gender
Gregor Mendel –Father of Genetics
 MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE

1. LAW OF SEGRAGATION – DURING

THE FORMATION OF GAMETES OR SEX CELLS,
PAIRS OF ALLELES SEGREGATE AND THEN
REUNITE AT FERTILIZATION. EACH PARENT HAS
TWO ALLELES FOR A SPECIFIC TRAIT BUT IN
THE PROCESS OF GENE TRANSMISSION , ONLY
ONE OF THOSE TWO ALLELES FROM EACH
PARENT WILL BE INHERITED BY AN OFFSPRING.
MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE
2.LAW OF INDEPENDEDT
ASSORTMENT-THE SEGRAGATION OF
GENES DURING THE FORMATION OF
GAMETES OCCUR
INDEPENDENTLY;THUS,AN
OFFSPRING INHERITS THE TRAITS OF
PARENT SEPARATELY
 MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE

3.LAW OF DOMINANCE- IN A PAIR OF

ALLELES,THE DOMINANT ALLELE WILL
MASK THE TRAITS THAT THE RECESSIVE
ALLELE CARRIES.RECESSIVE TRAITS CAN
APPEAR ONLY IF AN INDIVIDUAL INHERITS
TWO COPIES OF THE RECESSIVE ALLELE
NON-MEDILIAN
PATTERNS OF
INHERITANCE
Gregor Mendel’s Pea Plant experiment
led to a major breakthrough in the study
of genetics and patterns of inheritance.
His laws have helped geneticist
understand further the nature if
heredity. Other rules on genetics have
surfaced after investigation by other
scientists .Other Principles regarding the
pattern of inheritance include
incomplete dominance, codominance,
multiple alleles,polygenes, and sex
inherited traits.
1. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
AN INHERITED TRAITS IS A MIXTURE
OR A BLEND OF THE PARENTAL
TRAITS.THIS OCCURS BECAUSE ONE
OF THE ALLELES FOR A SPECIFIC
TRAIT IS NOT ENTIRELY DOMINANT
THAN THE RECESSIVE ALLELE.
1. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
Discovered by Josef Kolreuter,
A scientist. When he cross a
homozygous dominant red
carnation (RR) with a
homozygous recessive white
carnation (rr).
1. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
In doing so he was expecting
that the experiment would
result in the production of
many red flower. He was
surprised to find that the first
generation offspring all came
pink.
1. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
1. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
In this flower experiment by
Kolreuter, the color trait is
dominant to the homozygous
red carnation and recessive
for the homozygous white
carnation .This can be
expressed as RR x rr.
 R R

w Rw Rw
w Rw Rw
EXAMPLES OF INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE
The cross-breeding of a
homozygous red bull
and a homozygous white
cows result in a
offspring covered with a
brown fur and some
strips of white
 EXAMPLES OF INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE
The cross-breeding
of a black rabbit
and a white rabbit
can result in an
offspring with grey
fur.
EXAMPLES OF INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE
A Black sheep
and a white
sheep may
produce a gray
sheep
Step by Step Process:
3 steps
Step 1(Identify the Genotypes)
Step 2(Identify the Genotypes of the
parents)

Step 3(Complete the Punnett Square)

Step 4(Give the Phenotypic and Genotypic

ratio)
EXAMPLES OF INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE
A Black sheep
and a white
sheep may
produce a gray
sheep
Step 1(Identify the Genotypes)

Superscripts 1 and and 2 will be used to show incomplete

dominance .
s¹s¹ white wool
s²s² black wool

Step 2(Identify the Genotypes of the

parents)
(Black) X (White)
s²s² s¹s¹

Step 3(Complete the Punnett Square)

Step 3(Complete the Punnett Square)
White wool
s¹s¹ s¹ s¹
s² s¹s² s¹s²
Black wool
s²s² s² s¹s² s¹s²
Step 4(Give the Phenotypic and Genotypic
ratio)
s¹s² Gray wool4/4
Therefore, the union of black wool and
white wool will result to gray wool
Solve the Problem 1.
Among the sheep, wool color can
show incomplete dominance. Sheep
with white wool (s¹s¹) and sheep with
black wool (s²s²) are homozygous
expressions of their corresponding
alleles. The heterozygous condition
results to result to gray wool color
(s¹s²).
 Questions!
What percentage of
offspring will show black
color from union
between gray and white
sheep?
=

How
= many %
of black?
Step 1(Identify the Genotypes)

Superscripts 1 and and 2 will be used to show incomplete

dominance .
s¹s¹ white wool s²s² black wool
s¹s² gray wool color

Step 2(Identify the Genotypes of the

parents)
(gray) X (White)
s¹s² s¹s¹

Step 3(Complete the Punnett Square)

Step 3(Complete the Punnett Square)
White wool
s¹s¹ s¹ s¹
s¹ s¹s¹ s¹s¹
Gray wool
s¹s² s² s¹s² s¹s²
Step 4(Give the Phenotypic and Genotypic
ratio)
2/4
s¹s¹ White wool
s¹s² Gray wool2/4
Therefore, none of the offspring will result
to Black wool
QUESTIONS:
How many percentage of
white wool color will
show on the combination
of Gray wool and Gray
wool?
Step 1(Identify the Genotypes)

Superscripts 1 and and 2 will be used to show incomplete

dominance .
s¹s¹ white wool s¹s² Gray wool
s²s² black wool s¹s² Gray wool

Step 2(Identify the Genotypes of the

parents)
(Gray wool) X (Gray wool)
s¹s² s¹s²

Step 3(Complete the Punnett Square)

Step 3(Complete the Punnett Square)
Gray wool
s¹s²
s¹ s²
s¹ s¹s¹ s¹s²
Gray wool
s¹s² s² s²s²
s¹s²
Step 4(Give the Phenotypic and Genotypic
ratio)
1/4
s¹s¹ White wool s²s²Black wool
2/4
s¹s² Gray wool 1/4
Therefore, 1 white wool will show on the
union of gray and gray wool.
Solve the Problem 2.
Angela is a supplier of flowers in the different flower
shops in her province. Analyzing the demand of the
color of rose flower, she realized that red has the
highest number of orders. Oftentimes in her garden,
she always observed that when two pink rose flowers
were crossed, the result yield mostly pink, while some
are red and some are white. To obtain the most
number of red flowers, she tried to cross breed red
and white rose plants. Surprisingly she obtain pink
roses.
Questions!
To answer the demand for
red roses, what cross will
you suggest for angela?
a.Red x red c.Red x pink
b.Red x white d.White x white
Step 1(Identify the Genotypes)

r¹r¹ red flower

r²r² white flower
r¹r² pink flower
Step 2(Identify the Genotypes of the
parents)
(red) X (red)
r¹r¹ r¹r¹

Step 3(Complete the Punnett Square)

Step 3(Complete the Punnett Square)
red rose r¹r¹
r¹ r¹
r¹ r¹r¹ r¹r¹
Red rose
r¹r¹ r¹ r¹r¹ r¹r¹
Step 4(Give the Phenotypic and Genotypic
ratio)
r¹r¹ Red Rose 4/4

Therefore, the cross between red flower will

obtain most number of red rose flowers.
TRY IT !
In guinea pigs, the yellow coat
color is produced by the
homozygous genotype, and white
by the homozygous genotype, a
cream color by the heterozygous
genotype, and white by
homozygous genotype
Questions!
What genotypic and phenotypic ratios
may be obtained between the mating of
the following?
A. A cream coat colored pig and a white coat
colored guinea pig
B. A white coat colored guinea pig and a guinea
pig with yellow coat color
C. Two cream coat colored guinea pig
TRY IT ! g¹g¹

In guinea pigs, the yellow coat

color is produced by the g²g²

homozygous genotype, and white

byg¹g²
the homozygous genotype a
cream color by the heterozygous
genotype.
Questions!
What genotypic and phenotypic
ratios may be obtained between
the mating of the following?
A. A cream coat colored pig and a
white coat colored guinea pig
B. A white coat colored guinea pig and
a guinea pig with yellow coat color
C. Two cream coat colored guinea pig
Codominance
It occurs only when both alleles are equally
strong and no allele is identified as either
dominant or recessive. As a result, the
Phenotype traits of both alleles
are expressed in the offspring
Codominance
a. Offspring shows Phenotype of neither
parent.
b. Both alleles are dominant

When a black feathered chicken is crossbred with a white feathered chicken, the offspring is an erminette, a
type of chicken with unblended white and black feathers.
The phenotypic trait black and white feather color is expresses individually; they do not result in gray feathers
Examples:
Sample Problem

What Phenotypic ratio can you obtain from

the cross between two erminette chicken ?
Step 1(Identify the Genotypes)
c¹c¹ -Black Chicken
c²c² -White Chicken
c¹c² -Erminette Chicken
Step 2(Identify the Genotypes of the
parents)
(Erminette) X (Erminette)
c¹c² c¹c²
Step 3(Complete the Punnett
Square) Erminette
c¹c²
c¹ c²
Erminette
c¹ c¹c¹ c¹c²
c¹c² c² c¹c² c²c²
Step 4(Give the Phenotypic and Genotypic
ratio)
¼ - c¹c ¹ Black Chicken
2/4 - c¹c² Erminette
1/4 - c²c² White

Therefore, one can obtain black and one

for white and 2 erminette chicken
between two erminette chicken