Recruitment and Yield

Norman Arie Prayogo

Fisheries and Marine Science
University of Jenderal Soedirman
WHAT ARE POPULATION DYNAMICS?

 “Apopulation is a group of fish of the same

species that are alive in a defined area at a given
time” (Wootton 1990)

Population dynamics: changes in the number of

individuals in a population
POPULATION CONCEPT

Biotic
environment

recruitment

Fishing Stock Natural

mortality biomass mortality

Individual
Physical growth
environment

B=G+R–M-F
WHAT IS “ RECRUITMENT” ?

 Can mean many things!

 Number of young-of-year (YOY) fish entering population in a year
 Number of fish achieving age/size at which they are vulnerable to
fishing gear

 Recruitment is defined as the addition of new members to the

aggregate under consideration
Recruitment

 Penambahan suplai baru (yg sudah dpt dieksploitasi) ke dalam

stok lama yang sudah ada dan sedang dieksploitasi.

 Gulland (1969) : Proses ikan muda masuk dalam areal

eksploitasi dan pertamakali kontak dengan alat tangkap

 Suplai baru : hasil reproduksi yang telah tersedia pada tahapan

tertentu dari daur hidupnya dan telah mencapai ukuran
tertentu sehingga dapat tertangkap dg alat penangkapan yang
digunakan dalam perikanan.
General modeling approach

Egg •Fish must pass through 3 or more

distinct life history stages before
Larvae recruiting

• At each stage, survival is

Juveniles dependent on competition,n
predation, and environmental
Recruits influences
Recruitment (Ricker, 1975)
Berdasar situasinya, dibedakan menjadi 3 :

1. KNIFE - EDGED recruitment (Rekruitmen “ujung pisau”) -

instantaneous - all fish of a given age become recruited at the same
time, all fish of an age enter at the same time of year

2. Platoon recruitment (Rekruitmen dg platoon) - in a give year only a

fraction of the youngest age are fully catchable – year class is divided into
two platoons -recruited and non-recruited

3. Continuous (Recruitmen berkesinambungan) - there is a gradual

increase in vulnerability of members of a year-class– most common
Hubungan antara stok dewasa ( jml pemijah)
dengan rekruit :

 Bila tidak ada pemijahan, maka tidak ada recruit

 Semua populasi mpy kapasitas utk tumbuh kecuali yang
akan punah
 Populasi jumlahnya terbatas, krn faktor alam yg menambah
kecepatan mortalitas

 Ada 2 faktor yang berperan dalam mortalitas perekruitmen

yang sedang berjalan, yaitu
(1) independent density mortality

(2) dependent density mortality

(1) INDEPENDENT DENSITY MORTALITY

 Independent density : kematian bukan disebabkan oleh

kepadatan ( ex : banjir, kering, suhu ekstrim, pencemaran)
• Mortality is thus a constant proportion and is not a function of
density
 Density - Independent Population

Goes to infinity Goes to Extinction Never Changes

Population Size

b–d<0
b–d>0 b–d=0

Time Time Time

(2) DEPENDENT DENSITY MORTALITY

 Density-Dependent” means that the per-capita

demographic rates (birth, recruitment, death) depend on
population size
 Dependent density : kematian karena tingkah laku
populasi yang terlalu padat
 Density Dependence

Rate of
Change
(per capita)

Population Density
What causes density dependence?

Competition
Requires some limiting resource
e.g. space, food

Cannibalism

Predation
Numerical response of predators

Disease
Epidemics may be related to population size
 Kurva reproduksi
R = Pe (Pr – P)Pm

Rr Pr
 Stock – recruitment relationship
 R : rekruitmen
 P : stok induk
 Pr : besarnya penggantian stok induk
REKRUITMEN
Garis bisector  Rr : jumlah rekruit dari Pr
 Pm : stok yang memproduksi rekruit secara
maksimum
R
E REK>STOK
C
R
U
I STOK>REK STOK DEWASA
T

STOCK
 SIFAT UMUM YG DIKEHENDAKI DALAM KURVA
RECRUIT THD STOCK :

 Kurva harus melalui titik nol, yg berarti kalau tidak ada induk maka
tidak ada recruit

 Kurva itu tidak jatuh pada sumbu X pada tingkatan stok yg tinggi

 Kecepatan recruitment (R/P) harus menurun terus dengan

bertambahnya stok induk.

 Recruitment harus melebihi stok dewasa dalam beberapa bagian

batas kisar nilai P
Stock-recruitment relationships

 In more familiar terms:

Nk+1 = recruits (offspring) Plot Nk+1 vs. Nk

Simple density-independence
Nk = stock (adults) –if λ = 1, population is constant
–if λ < 1, population is decreasing
–if λ > 1, population is increasing
YIELD
•Yield: porsi atau bagian dari populasi yang diambil oleh manusia.
•Lebih mudah dimonitor dibandingkan faktor lainnya

Recruitment
Death
Biomass (Natural mortality)

Fishing
mortality
Growth
 Sehingga stok ikan di suatu daerah pada suatu waktu
(Nt) adalah :

 Nt = No + G + R – M – F

Dimana : No = stok ikan di daerah tersebut pada waktu

awal.
G=Growth
R=Rekruitmen
M=Mortalitas alami
F=Fishing
DARI FAKTOR – FAKTOR DI ATAS, DALAM PENGKAJIAN
STOK IKAN TERDAPAT TIGA KONDISI ATAU STATUS STOK,
YAITU

1. Kelestarian
Nt = No, dapat dicapai bila :
G + R – M – F = 0 atau G + R = M + F

2. Produktif
Nt > No, terjadi bila :
G + R – M – F > 0 atau G + R > M + F

3. Pengurangan
Nt < No, terjadi bila :
G + R – M – F < 0 atau G + R < M + F
MSY CONCEPT
 Konsep Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY), merupakan
konsep pengelolaan sumberdaya ikan secara bertanggung
jawab (responsible fisheries) dengan mempertahankan
kelestarian atau keberlanjutan sumberdaya yang ada.
WHY DO WE NEED MSY?

Fisheries Management:
 Need to know, how much can be taken out of the system,
without causing it to collapse:
 => determine the level at which fisheries resources can
be exploited without exhausting them,

Maximum Sustainable Yield

SUMBER : PUSLITBANG OCEANOGRAFI, 2001
MSY (maximum sustainable yield)
 Gulland (1988) : MSY adalah hasil tangkap terbanyak
berimbang yang dapat dipertahankan sepanjang masa pada
suatu intensitas penangkapan tertentu yang mengakibatkan
biomas sediaan ikan pada akhir suatu periode tertentu sama
dengan sediaan biomas pada permulaan periode tertentu
tersebut.
 Diperlukan untuk menentukan hasil tangkapan maksimum
yang masih mempertimbangkan kesetimbangan stok.
 Terdapat beberapa model MSY : model logistik (produksi
surplus), model dynamic pool (model analitik / model Yield
per Recruit).
STOK

R+G-D
R+G-D
>Y
<Y

LAJU EKSPLOITASI

(R+G-D) >Y  UNDERFISHING

(R+G-D)>Y OVERFISHING
(R+G-D)= Y  MSY
3 hal penting MSY :

 (1) Memaksimalkan kuantitas beberapa komponen perikanan

 (2) Memastikan bahwa kuantitas-kuantitas tersebut dapat

dipertahankan dari waktu ke waktu

 (3) Besarnya hasil penangkapan adalah alat ukur yang layak

untuk menunjukkan keadaan perikanan
model logistik (model produksi surplus)

 Tujuan penggunaan model surplus produksi adalah untuk

menentukan tingkat upaya optimum (biasa disebut EMSY
atau effort MSY), yaitu suatu upaya yang dapat
menghasilkan suatu hasil tangkapan maksimum lestari
tanpa mempengaruhi produktivitas stok secara jangka
panjang, yang biasa disebut hasil tangkapan maksimum
lestari (maximum sustainable yield/MSY).

 Model ini sangat cocok diterapkan pada daerah tropis,

karena tidak memerlukan data kelas umur.
SURPLUS PRODUCTION
MODELS

 Logistic growth: populations

increase proportional to their
biomass, but the rate of increase
slows as the population approaches
its carrying capacity.

 Rate of change (production) is

maximum when the population is
at half of its carrying capacity
Surplus yield model
 Dalam penerapan Model
Surplus Produksi digunakan
analisis regresi linier. Nilai
variabel bebas (Effort = E)
dan variabel tidak bebas
(CPUE) dilakukan scatter
ploting pada sumbu x dan y.
Kemudian dapat ditarik garis
regresinya. Setelah garis
regresi diperoleh, maka dapat
ditentukan intersep (a) dan
koefisien regresinya (b).
 Secara alamiah hubungan antara hasil tangkapan (Catch
= C) dengan jumlah alat tangkap (Effort = E )
merupakan persamaan parabola sebagaimana grafik
berikut :

Upaya Penangkapan pada

potensi lestari (Emsy) dihitung
dengan
rumus :

Tangkapan Lestari (Cmsy) dihitung

dengan rumus
Dynamic pool model
 Dikenal jg dg ‘model ricker’ atau ‘Beverton and Holt’
 Lebih mendalam mempertimbangkan beberapa bagian
parameter populasi
 Data yg dibutuhkan : R, G, M

 Aplikasinya membutuhkan keterangan lengkap ttg populasi

yang didapat dari analisis CPUE, komposisi umur, dan data
tagging.
Catch per unit effort (CPUE)
 Very coarse and very common index of abundance
1
Catch= 4 fish

CPUE=4/48=0.083
Effort= 4 nets for
12 hours each=
48 net hours

2
Catch=8 fish
CPUE=8/48=0.167
Effort= 4 nets for
12 hours each= We conclude population 2 is
48 net hours
2X larger than population 1
DASAR MANAJEMEN
PERIKANAN

Dr. Maria Dyah Nur Meinita, MSc

Fisheries and Marine Science
University of Jenderal Soedirman
History of fisheries management
 Fisheries have been explicitly managed in some places
for hundreds of years.

 Example 1, the Māori people, New Zealand residents for

about 700 years, enforced strict prohibitions against
taking more than could be eaten and about giving back
the first fish caught as an offering to sea god Tangaroa
 Example 2 is the North Norwegian fishery by the
Lofoten islands, where an eighteenth-century law limits
fishing during periods when there were an unusually
large number of fishers. To avoid taking too many fish
out of any one area, gillnetters and longliners not
allowed to fish in the same grounds south of Lofoten
 Example (3) Budaya Sasi & Kewang di Maluku
 Von Benda-Beckmann (1992), sasi diartikan sebagai “ a
ban on the use of specific piece of land tree or sea
during a certain periode”
FISH DIVERSITY

31,500 species ---48,1% dari total jenis hewan

di bumi. Burung 8.600 spesies (20,7%),
Reptilia 6.000 spesies (14,4 %), Mamalia
4.500 spesies (10,8%), Amphibia 200
spesies (6,0%).

58% marine, 41% freshwater, ~1% diadromous

97.5% saltwater, 2.5% freshwater

Ukuran ikan:
Goby pacific ----------------- Panjang < 5 mm
Hiu (Rhinocodon) ---------- Panjang 21 m dengan berat 25 ton
FISH BIODIVERSITY AND WHY IT SHOULD MATTER
 POTENSI PERIKANAN INDONESIA

1. LUAS PERAIRAN INDONESIA

• Negara kepulauan dengan sumber daya perikanan yang

tinggi---5,8 juta Km2, ± 6000 jenis ikan yang belum
teridentifikasi

2. KANDUNGAN GIZI IKAN

- Protein tinggi 15-24% (ikan tawar) dan 9-26% (ikan laut),
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)omega-3 fatty acid,
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), vitamin A, yodium, mineral,
Ca, phosphor, Mg, dan kalsium)
Korean Style Breaded Fish ( 생선 까스 )

kimbap ( 김밥 )
Tetraodontidae (Ikan Buntal)
 Opening of Fisheries

As a renewable resource, fish provides us with food: protein, it

is also the few “ wild” food that consumed.

Commercial fish supplies have two sources:

“ Capture” fishery: refers to all kinds of harvesting of naturally
occurring living resources in both marine and freshwater
environments.
“ Aquaculture” (fish farms): Breeding and rearing of fish, shellfish,
or plants in ponds, enclosures, or other forms of confinement in
fresh or marine waters for the direct harvest of the product.

47
Figure 1: Inland Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture with
Marine Capture Fisheries 1950-2001

                                                                                                   
                                                                                                

48
Status of World Fisheries

                                                                                                                                                      
 
Source & © : The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture
49
PART 1:World review of fisheries and aquaculture, Overview
www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5600e/y5600e04.htm
Pengelolaan Perikanan
 Pengelolaan dahulu

 Pengelolaan sekarang
Blue whales were abundant in nearly all the oceans on Earth until the
beginning of the twentieth century. For over 40 years, they were hunted
almost to extinction by whalers until protected by the international
community in 1966.
Landings of Atlantic cod and haddock from Georges Bank for
the period 1893-1996. Note the increase in fishing intensity for
both species in 1960 through 1980, followed by collapse.
UU Perikanan
 UU No. 31 tahun 1985 & UU No. 34 tahun 2004 tentang
Perikanan
Apabila diimplementasikan dengan baik akan
membebaskan Indonesia dari kategori unregulated
fishing dan status open access yang merupakan ancaman
terhadap keberlanjutan usaha perikanan di Indonesia
 UU No. 22 tahun 1999 & UU no 32 tahun 2005 tenatang
pemerintahan Daerah
 Why is fisheries management so difficult
 Uncertainity (people don’t trust other people estimates)
 Politic

 Enforcement

 The simple models don’t describe a complex world

Usaha pengelolaan sumber daya perikanan

1. PENUTUPAN MUSIM TANGKAP

2. PENUTUPAN DAERAH PERIKANAN
3. PELARANGAN BBRP CARA PENANGKAPAN
4. PERLINDUNGAN ANAK IKAN
5. SISTIM KUOTA
PENUTUPAN MUSIM TANGKAP

 Kendala yang mungkin timbul:

1) belum adanya kesadaran nelayan tentang pentingnya

menjaga kelestarian sumberdaya ikan yang
2) lemahnya pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh aparat,
(3) terbatasnya sarana pengawasan.
PENUTUPAN DAERAH PERIKANAN

FIGURE 5.10. ANTICIPATED EVENTS IN MPAS FROM A FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

PERSPECTIVE.WITHIN THE RESERVE, NUMBER, SIZE, AND AGE OF RESIDENTS
INCREASE IN RESPONSE TO REDUCED FISHING PRESSURE, LEADING TO INCREASED REPRODUCTION
AND NET EXPORT OF ADULTS AND LARVAE INTO ADJACENT
REGIONS. DIVERSITY CAN ALSO INCREASE. FROM RUSS (2002); USED WITH PERMISSION.
PELARANGAN CARA PENANGKAPAN

1. penggunaan racun ikan dan bahan

2. peledak (bom ikan)
PERLINDUNGAN ANAK IKAN

(1) Penentuan ukuran minimum mata jaring (mesh size)

pada alat tangkap gill net, purse seine dan alat tangkap
tarik, misalnya payang, pukat dan sebagainya.
(2) Penentuan ukuran mata pancing pada longline.
(3) Penentuan lebar bukaan pada alat tangkap perangkap
SISTIM KUOTA

 Upaya pembatasan jumlah ikan yang boleh ditangkap

disebut Total Allowable Catch (TAC)

 Untuk menjaga kelestarian sumberdaya suatu jenis ikan,

maka nilai TAC harus di bawah Maximum Sustainable
Yield (MSY)–nya
SUCCESSFUL RESTORATION, THEN,
INVOLVES A NUMBER OF FACETS:
 Scientific studies of the species’ biology, ecology,
and behavior provide the data needed to
successfully manage the growing populations.

 Protection through strict law enforcement,

adequate financing, and needed public concern
and cooperation to aid population expansion.

 Protected reserves, large areas of suitable habitat,

and the adaptability of the species further ensure
the species’ recovery.
Constrains of fishery management

1. “ fish” from those of “ wildlife,” In the sea, de jure and

de facto protections are generally much weaker.
Compared to land. Scarce large carnivores such as
sharks, tunas, billfishes, groupers, and (in some
countries) dolphins are prized mainly for their meat, and
management agencies typically deal with them in terms
of tonnage, not numbers of individuals.
2. responsibility for managing marine life is often held by
agencies different than those that manage activities on
land, so marine management agencies generally have no
authority to modify terrestrial activities, such as logging,
mining, construction, and agriculture, that harm the sea’s
ecosystems.