Keneth N.

Mendoza
CHAPTER II
• Acquiring and
Validating Methods of
Knowledge
• Determining Truths Philosophizin
g
CHAPTER II
• Methods of Methods of
Philosophizing
• Fallacies Philosophizin
g
•Socratic
•Dialectic Methods of
•Scientific Philosophizin
•Historical g
•Truth
•Opinion Methods of
•Fact Philosophizin
g
• Something that has
actual and proven
existence
scientifically and
spiritually regardless
of one’s opinion and
TRUTH
beliefs.
• It is undisputed,
objective, universal
constant, exact, and
factual.
• An expression of
one’s feelings
based on facts,
emotions, beliefs, OPINION
or beliefs, or views.
It is not based on
evidence.
• A statement that
can be checked and
backed up with
evidence. It is often FACT
used in conjunction
with research study.
•Socratic
•Dialectic Methods of
•Scientific Philosophizin
•Historical g
SOCRATIC METHOD
• In this process, statements
• Also known by the Greek are deconstructed or
term elenchus that means questioned to come up with
“to inquire or to cross the actual truth that is
examine”, is an exchange believed to rest on the roots
of ideas using Socratic of the argument.
Questioning. • Conflicting ideas are seen as
invalid sources of truth, and
• It was developed by the probing questions are
Socrates, a Greek immediately derived from
philosopher and teacher. the given statements.
DIALECTIC
METHOD
• The term ‘dialectic’ comes
from the Greek term
“dialektike” which means
‘the art of conversation’.
• It is the act of taking back
and forth, disagreeing with
one another, and arguing
about contentious issues.
• In philosophy, it is a method of
coming up with a conclusion
from an exchange of
contradicting logical
arguments.
• The aim of dialectics, as a
process of the dialogue, is the
clarification of controversial
notions and arguments with
other people.
 SOCRATIC METHOD DIALECTIC METHOD
ORIGIN Elenchus dialektike
MEANING “to inquire or to cross “the art of conversation”
examine”
METHOHDS Ask, find or use examples, Ask, clarify, disagree
reject, ask again
PURPOSE To gain knowledge and wisdom, and to know the truth.
SAMPLE QUESTIONS • What made you say • Can you clarify your
that X is valid? response about X?
• If X is valid , why does • What makes X more
Y contest it? useful than Y?
SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
• The term ‘science’ is derived
from the word “scientia” that
means “to produce
knowledge”.
• The scientific method, is also
called empirical method, a
process of determining truth or
knowledge through
experimentation, inductive,
and deductive reasoning, and
hypothesis or theory testing.
• The process begins with an
idea about given topic.
Hypothesis testing is done to
prove the validity of the idea.
• It values observation as an
important aspect because it
contributes to further
understanding the results of the
hypothesis testing.
HISTORICAL
METHOD
• The term ‘history’ is derived
from the Greek word
• History has a “divine order”
“iotopia” that means “to
or a large “cyclical or
investigate” or to “find out”. progressive” pattern that
• The scientific method, is the enables events to repeat
process of gathering themselves and record
evidences, examining them, information through
and formulating ideas about historical accounts or
the past to come up with the archeological findings.
present truths.
Directions:
Read and analyze the

Quiz
statements. Determine what
Method of Philosophizing
was described.
Write only the letter of
your answer
1. Testing and
qualifying morality, A.SOCRATIC
mercy, justice, or B.DIALECTIC
compassion which
are all realities that C.SCIENTIFIC
do not dwell in the D.HISTORICAL
realm of
materialism.
Write only the letter of
your answer
2. “Haggling with a
vendor for a certain A.SOCRATIC
product and eventually
agreeing on a price.” B.DIALECTIC
What method of C.SCIENTIFIC
philosophizing does
the situation D.HISTORICAL
describes?
Write only the letter of
your answer
3. What type of
interrogative A.SOCRATIC
method clarifies B.DIALECTIC
points through
understanding the C.SCIENTIFIC
deeper meaning of D.HISTORICAL
the claim?
Write only the letter of
your answer
4. To determine the
if peanuts boosts A.SOCRATIC
mental function, B.DIALECTIC
you eat peanuts
daily, then measure C.SCIENTIFIC
your daily mental D.HISTORICAL
function through
test.
Write only the letter of
your answer
5. Before voting
for Presidential A.SOCRATIC
election, you B.DIALECTIC
checked the C.SCIENTIFIC
background of D.HISTORICAL
every candidates.
 Fallacy
• A defect in an argument other
than it having false premises.
• We are culprits of this in our
daily interaction with people
including our families and
friends. FALLACIES
• Even TV commercials
intentionally employ some
faulty reasonning to convince
their target market to purchase
their products.
• Hominem came from Latin
word “homo” which means
man. This fallacy literally
means hitting the person
below the belt instead of
focusing on the issue at hand.
Attacking the
• “How can we believe Person
him when he talks “Argumentum ad Hominem”
about social distancing,
he is a lawyer who is a
liar.”
• Baculum is a Latin word which
means scepter or stick. A scepter is
a symbol of authority. Normally it
is the Pope who carries it in his
hands. This is committed when a
person uses threat or force to
advance an argument.
Appeal to Force
• “TV Patrol is the best “Argumentum ad Baculum”
news program on TV. If
you don’t believe me, I
won’t let you watch the
TV.
 • Misericordiam came from
Latin word Misericordia
which means pity or
compassion. A person uses
emotion such as pity to
convince someone.
• “Forgive me officer, there are
Appeal to Pity
lot of boarders in this apartment “Argumentum ad
including myself. Only the Misericordiam”
owner was issued a quarantine
pass. We don’t have food, we
can’t give our ATM to the
owner. That’s why I went out. So
I did not violate the Bayanihan
Act Heal as One.”
• Populum is the Latin word
for people. Most of TV
commercials are guilty of
this argument which
exploit people’s vanity,
desires, etc. Appeal to People
“Argumentum ad Populum /
• “I’m sure you want to Bandwagon Fallacy”
have an i phone.
Almost 80% of your
schoolmates are using
it.”
• Traditio means
tradition. Advancing an
idea since it has been
practicing for a long
time. Appeal to Tradition
• All of us in the family, “Argumentum ad Tradition”
from our ancestors up to
now, are devout
Catholics, so it is only
right that you will be
baptized as a Catholic.
• Ignorantiam a Latin
word for ignorance.
Whatever has been
proven false must be
true and vice versa. Appeal to Ignorance
• According to Zecharia “Argumentum ad Ignorantiam”
Sitchin, the author of the
book “Cosmic Code, “Adam
was the first test tube baby.
Since nobody proves
otherwise, therefore it is
true.”
• is fallacy is committed
when one reaches a
generalization based on
insufficient evidence.
Hasty Generalization
• Our neighbor who is a
police officer was
convicted of being a drug
dealer, therefore, all
police officers are drug
dealers.
• Assuming that the
effect is related to a
cause because both
events occur one after
the other. Cause and Effect /
• “My teacher didn’t collect
the homework two weeks in a False Cause
row when my friend was “Post Hoc”
absent. Therefore, my friend
being absent is the reason
why my teacher doesn’t
collect the homework.”
•Infers that
something is true of
a part, is true of a
whole . Fallacy of
• “You are a doctor; Composition
therefore, you came
from a family of
doctors.”
• Infers that something is
true of the whole, must
also be true on its
parts .
Fallacy of Division
• “Your family is
smart, therefore you
are smart.”
• Presents a choice
between two mutually
exclusive options,
implying that there are
no other options. False Dilemma
• “You are Pro Fallacy
Marcos then you “False Dichotomy”
must be against
Aquino's.
Directions:
Read and analyze

Quiz
the following
situations.
Determine what
type of fallacy is
present in each
statement.
Write only the letter of
your answer
1. Before we begin
our debate, A.Ad Hominem
everyone here B.Ad Baculum
should know that
my opponent is a C.Ad Misericordiam
convicted felon. D.Ad Populum
Write only the letter of
your answer
2.
A.Cause and Effect
B.Equivocation
C.Hasty generalization
D.False Dilemma
Write only the letter of
your answer
3. Right after my
phone was charged
completely, there
A.Cause and Effect
was a black out. B.Equivocation
Therefore, my C.Hasty generalization
phone was the
reason why there D.False Dilemma
was a black out.
Write only the letter of
your answer

4. My Auntie A.Ad Hominem

didn’t say B.Ad Baculum
anything that I
can borrow her C.Ad Ignorantiam
car. Therefore, I D.Ad Popupum
can borrow it.
Write only the letter of
your answer

4. My Auntie A.Ad Hominem

didn’t say B.Ad Baculum
anything that I
can borrow her C.Ad Ignorantiam
car. Therefore, I D.Ad Popupum
can borrow it.
Write only the letter of
your answer

5. I know we don't A.Ad Hominem

love each other. But if
we don't get married it B.Ad Baculum
will crush my mother. C.Ad Misericordiam
You know she has a
weak heart. Do you
D.Ad Populum
really want to do that
to her?
 Any Questions Thank You
regarding the So Much!
Topics? “see you next meeting!”

Keneth N. Mendoza, LPT

SHS Teacher
PSTMIS
0956-163-7247