Powerplant 1

Diesel cycle and Brayton cycle

Diesel cycle
Introduction

 The Diesel cycle is a compression ignition rather than spark ignition

engine. Fuel is sprayed into the cylinder via fuel injection, compressed,
and there is an ignition without a spark.
 The Air Standard Diesel cycle is the ideal cycle for Compression-Ignition
(CI) reciprocating engines, first proposed by Rudolph Diesel.
 All processes are ideal, combustion is replaced by heat addition to the air,
and exhaust is replaced by a heat rejection process which restores the air
to the initial state.
Port Injection Direct Injection
History

 Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (18 March 1858 –

29 September 1913) was a German inventor
and mechanical engineer, famous for the
invention of the Diesel engine.
Diesel Cycle

 Process 1- 2
Isentropic compression
 Process 2 - 3
Constant pressure heat addition
 Process 3 - 4
Isentropic expansion
 Process 4 - 1
Constant volume heat rejection
Induction Stroke

 The induction stroke in a Diesel engine is used to draw in a new

volume of charge air into the cylinder.
 As the power generated in an engine is dependent on the quantity
of fuel burnt during combustion and that in turn is determined by
the volume of air (oxygen) present, most diesel engines use
turbochargers to force air into the cylinder during the induction
stroke.
Compression Stroke

 The compression stroke begins as the inlet valve closes

and the piston is driven upwards in the cylinder bore by
the momentum of the crankshaft and flywheel.
 The purpose of the compression stroke in a diesel engine
is to raise the temperature of the charge air to the point
where fuel injected into the cylinder spontaneously
ignites.
Work W1-2 required to compress the gas is shown as the
area under the P-V curve
Compression Ignition

 Compression ignition takes place when the fuel from the

high pressure fuel injector spontaneously ignites in the
cylinder.
 As the cylinder reaches top dead center, air is compressed
to a certain pressure, as a result, temperature rises and
the injector sprays atomized fuel providing enough heat
for the combustion to take place.
 In the Diesel cycle, the heat input Qin occurs by
combusting the fuel which is injected in a controlled
manner, ideally resulting in a constant pressure
expansion process 2-3 as shown.
Power Stroke

 The power stroke begins as the injected fuel

spontaneously ignites with the air in the cylinder.
 As the rapidly burning mixture attempts to expand within
the cylinder walls, it generates a high pressure which
forces the piston down the cylinder bore. The linear
motion of the piston is converted into rotary motion
through the crankshaft.
Exhaust Stroke

 The exhaust stroke is as critical to the smooth and

efficient operation of the engine as that of induction.
 As the name suggests, it's the stroke during which the
gases formed during combustion are ejected from the
cylinder. This needs to be as complete a process as
possible, as any remaining gases displace an equivalent
volume of the new charge air and leads to a reduction in
the maximum possible power.
 Finally, process 4-1 represents the
constant volume heat rejection process. In
an actual Diesel engine the gas is simply
exhausted from the cylinder and a fresh
charge of air is introduced.
Brayton cycle
Introduction

 Brayton cycle is a thermodynamic cycle consisting of two

constant pressure (isobaric) processes with two reversible
adiabatic (isentropic) processes.
 Now, the Brayton cycle is used for gas turbine engines
only where both the compression and expansion processes
take place in rotating machinery.
History

 George Brayton designed the first continuous

ignition combustion engine (Brayton’s ready
motor).
 The machine he invented introduced the process
of continuous combustion (Brayton cycle) which
became the basis of for development of gas
turbine.
Brayton Engine component

 A Brayton-type engine consists of three components:

1. A gas compressor
2. A mixing chamber
3. An expander
Gas Turbine Engine
Brayton cycle process

 First, Fresh air is drawn into the compressor in which pressure

and temperature are raised
 The high-pressure air proceeds into the combustion chamber,
where the fuel is burned at constant pressure.
 The resulting high-temperature gases then enter the turbine,
where they expand to the atmospheric pressure through a row of
nozzle vanes.
 This expansion causes the turbine blade to spin, which then turns
a shaft inside a magnetic coil. When the shaft is rotating inside
the magnetic coil, electrical current is produced. The exhaust
gases leaving the turbine in the open cycle are not recirculated.
Brayton cycle

 Isentropic compression
 Isobaric process
 Isentropic expansion
 Isobaric process
Isentropic compression

 Process 1-2
 Ambient air is drawn into the
compressor, where it is
pressurized.
Isobaric Process

 Process 2-3
 Constant pressure heat addition
 The compressed air then runs
through a combustion chamber,
where fuel is burned, heating that
air at constant-pressure process,
since the chamber is open to flow
in and out.
Isentropic expansion

 Process 3-4
 The heated, pressurized air then
gives up its energy, expanding
through a turbine (or series of
turbines). Some of the work
extracted by the turbine is used to
drive the compressor.
Isobaric Process

 Process 4-1
 Constant pressure heat rejection
 Heat rejection (in the atmosphere)
Open and Closed Brayton cycle

 The open Brayton cycle means that the gases are discharged directly into the
atmosphere. In a closed Brayton cycle working medium recirculates in the loop
and the gas expelled from the turbine is reintroduced into the compressor.