POWERPLANT 1

CARNOT CYCLE
Carnot Cycle
Carnot Cycle
 Is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle proposed by Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot in 1824.
 It is the most efficient cycle conceivable
 It is an ideal cycle because it is assumed that there are no wasteful processes such as friction,
and there is no conduction of heat between different parts of the engine at different temperature.
 It consists of 4 reversible processes – 2 isothermal and 2 adiabatic processes.
Carnot Cycle

1 – 2 Isothermal Expansion
2 – 3 Isentropic Expansion
3 – 4 Isothermal Compression
4 – 1 Isentropic Compression
Carnot Cycle

Analysis of the Carnot Cycle (Isothermal Processes)

𝑄=𝑇 ∆ 𝑆
 

 𝑄 =𝑇 1 (𝑆 2 − 𝑆1 ) (𝑇 1 −𝑇 3)   (𝑆 2 − 𝑆1 ) (𝑇 1 −𝑇 3)  
𝐴   𝑊
 
𝑒= = =
𝑄𝐴 𝑇 1 ( 𝑆2 − 𝑆 1 ) 𝑇1
=-
  𝑃1
=- ∆ 𝑆=𝑚𝑅 ln
 
𝑃2
= -
=
Carnot Cycle
Analysis of the Carnot Cycle (Isentropic Processes)
𝑘 𝑘
  𝑃2 𝑇2 𝑣1
𝑃1
=
𝑇1 ( ) 𝑘−1
=
( )
𝑣2
For Temperature and volume relationship:
at point 2-3: at point 4-1:
  𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 −1 𝑘 −1
𝑇 𝑣  𝑇 1 𝑣4

[( ) ( ) ]
 𝑇 3
𝑇2
𝑣2
3 𝑘 −1
=
𝑣3
𝑘 −1
2 𝑘
𝑇4
=
𝑣1( )
𝑇2
=
𝑣3 ( )
Carnot Cycle
Ratio of Expansion and Compression

 Expansion Ratio =  Compression Ratio =

 Isothermal Expansion Ratio =  Isothermal Compression Ratio =

 Isentropic Expansion Ratio =  Isentropic Compression Ratio =

 Overall Expansion Ratio =  Overall Compression Ratio =

Sample Problem
 1. A Carnot power cycle operates on 2 lb of air between the limits of 70 °F and 500 °F. The
pressure at the beginning of isothermal expansion is 400 psia and at the end of isothermal
expansion is 185 psig. Determine (a) the volume at the end of isentropic expansion, (b) during an
isothermal process, (c) , (d) , (e) W, (f) , (g) isothermal expansion ratio and the overall expansion
ratio.

Givens: Required:
m = 2 lbm  , , , , W, , ,
T1 = T2 = 500 °F = 960 °R
T3 = T4 = 70 °F = 530 °R
P1 = 400 psia
P2 = 185 psig + 14.7 psi = 199.7 psia
 1. A Carnot power cycle operates on 2 lb of air between the limits of 70 °F and 500 °F. The pressure at the beginning of isothermal expansion is
400 psia and at the end of isothermal expansion is 185 psig. Determine (a) the volume at the end of isentropic expansion, (b) during an
isothermal process, (c) , (d) , (e) W, (f) , (g) isothermal expansion ratio and the overall expansion ratio.

Givens: At point 1 At point 2 At point 3

m = 2 lbm
For V1: For V2: For V3:
T1 = T2 = 960 °R
𝑃 𝑉 1=𝑚𝑅 𝑇 1
◦   𝑃2 𝑉 2=𝑚𝑅 𝑇 2
   𝑇 3 𝑉2
𝑘 −1
T3 = T4 = 530 °R

P1 = 400 psia
1
  = 𝑚𝑅 𝑇 1
𝑉 1
 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅 𝑇 2
2
𝑇2
=
𝑉3 ( )
P2 = 199.7 psia 𝑃1 𝑃2 1
𝑇2  
Required:
 , , , , W, , ,
 
𝑉1 =
2 𝑙𝑏𝑚 ( 53.342
𝑙𝑏𝑓 · 𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏𝑚 · ° 𝑅 )
𝑙𝑏𝑠 144 𝑖𝑛
(
 
(960 °
𝑉 =
𝑅 2
)
2
𝑙𝑏𝑚

)
( 53.342
2
𝑙𝑏𝑓 · 𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏𝑚 · ° 𝑅 )
𝑙𝑏𝑠 144 𝑖𝑛
𝑉 3 =𝑉 2
(960 ° 𝑅

(
)
𝑇3 2

) 𝑉 
( ) 𝑘−1

1
400 199.7
9 60 ° 𝑅
𝑉
  1=1.778 𝑓𝑡
3
𝑖𝑛2 1 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑉
  2=3.561 𝑓𝑡
3
𝑖𝑛2 1 𝑓𝑡 2
3 =3.561 3
𝑓𝑡
3
(
5 30° 𝑅 ) 1.4−1

𝑉
  3 =15.724 𝑓𝑡
 1. A Carnot power cycle operates on 2 lb of air between the limits of 70 °F and 500 °F. The pressure at the beginning of isothermal expansion is
400 psia and at the end of isothermal expansion is 185 psig. Determine (a) the volume at the end of isentropic expansion, (b) during an
isothermal process, (c) , (d) , (e) W, (f) , (g) isothermal expansion ratio and the overall expansion ratio.

Givens:
 For :
m = 2 lbm
  𝑃1
T1 = T2 = 960 °R ∆ 𝑆=𝑚𝑅 ln
T3 = T4 = 530 °R 𝑃2
P1 = 400 psia   𝑙𝑏𝑓 · 𝑓𝑡 400 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
P2 = 199.7 psia
∆ 𝑆=2 𝑙𝑏𝑚 53.342( 𝑙𝑏𝑚 · ° 𝑅
ln ) (
199.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 )
Required:
  𝑙𝑏𝑓 · 𝑓𝑡  1 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈
 , , , , W, , , ∆ 𝑆=74.108
° 𝑅 778 𝑓𝑡 −𝑙𝑏 ( =0.0952 )
°𝑅

 For:  For:
𝑄
  𝐴 =𝑇 ∆ 𝑆 𝑄  𝑅 =− 𝑇 ∆ 𝑆
  𝐵𝑇𝑈   𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄 𝐴 =960 ° 𝑅(0.0952 ) 𝑄 𝑅 =− 530° 𝑅 (0.0952 )
°𝑅 °𝑅
𝑄
  𝐴 =91.39 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑄
  𝑅 =− 50.46 𝐵𝑇𝑈
 1. A Carnot power cycle operates on 2 lb of air between the limits of 70 °F and 500 °F. The pressure at the beginning of isothermal expansion is
400 psia and at the end of isothermal expansion is 185 psig. Determine (a) the volume at the end of isentropic expansion, (b) during an
isothermal process, (c) , (d) , (e) W, (f) , (g) isothermal expansion ratio and the overall expansion ratio.

Givens:
 For : For isothermal For overall
m = 2 lbm expansion ratio: expansion ratio:
T1 = T2 = 960 °R 𝑊
  =𝑄 𝐴 −𝑄 𝑅
 𝑉 2  𝑉 3
3 3
T3 = T4 = 530 °R 3.561 𝑓𝑡 15.724 𝑓𝑡
𝑊=91.39
  𝐵𝑇𝑈 −50.46 𝐵𝑇𝑈 = =
P1 = 400 psia 𝑉 1 1.778 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑉1 1.778 𝑓𝑡
3

P2 = 199.7 psia 𝑊=40.93

  𝐵𝑇𝑈
 𝑉 2  𝑉 3
Required: =2.0028 ≈ 2 =8.84
𝑉1 𝑉1
 , , , , W, , ,  For:
  𝑊
𝑒=
𝑄𝐴
  40.93 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑒=
91.39 𝐵𝑇𝑈

𝑒=0.4479
  𝑜𝑟 44.79 %
- END -
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