‫تعیین محدوده پرواز ایمن با رسم نمودار ‪:V-n‬‬

:Stall Curve
‫اهمیت ترسیم نمودار ‪V-n‬‬
‫نمودار ‪ V-n‬در مانور هواپیما‬
Critical conditions for wing box structure
‫تعیین محدوده پرواز ایمن در برخورد با ‪Gust‬‬
Gust Velocities vs. Altitude (From Far25) ِDesign

VDV VVC VB
D C
Altitude (1000 ft)

Dive speed gust High speed gust Rough air

gust

Equivalent Gust Velocity (ft/s)

V-n Diagram (Gust Envelope)
Aerodynamic Loading
Aspect ratio Parameter,  AR/
Wings

Compressible Sweep Parameter, 

Variation of the spanwise loading coefficient vs. compressible sweep parameter
Variation of the Aspect ratio parameter vs. compressible sweep parameter
(=0)
Variation of the Aspect ratio parameter vs. compressible sweep parameter
(=0.25)
Example
Calculate and sketch the V-n diagram for
maneuver and gust for a gross weight of
88,000 lbs at 10,000 ft altitude assuming
that Vc =325 KEAS and VD =400 KEAS. Use
commercial airplane requirements.
Three view diagram of the airplane
Input data
Effect of mach number on aerodynamic coefficients:

M
Solution methodology

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Ude= Ude= Ude Δn Kg μ Clα n q M Ve
25 50 =66
0.150 0.300 0.396 0.396 0.771 37.8 5.250 1.005 0.148 1.290 0.995 8.40 0.091 50

0.275 0.550 0.725 0.725 0.771 37.7 5.260 1.010 0.593 1.288 0.990 33.8 0.182 100

0.425 0.850 1.120 1.120 0.770 37.3 5.320 1.020 1.327 1.275 0.980 76.2 0.274 150

0.567 1.138 1.500 1.50 0.770 37.0 5.370 1.030 2.330 1.260 0.970 135.2 0.364 200

0.715 1.430 1.890 1.890 0.768 36.5 5.440 1.042 3.585 1.241 0.955 211.0 0.456 250

0.880 1.76 0.765 35.5 5.600 1.075 5.4 1.202 0.925 304.0 0.547 300

0.975 1.95 0.763 34.6 5.740 1.100 357.0 0.592 325

1.082 0.759 33.4 5.950 1.140 413.0 0.638 350

1.382 0.745 29.3 6.780 1.300 541.0 0.730 400

Maneuver Gust
Step 1 : Consider some velocity pints
Step 2: Compute Mach number

where C =548.6 KEAS at h= 10,000 ft

Step 5 : Cl max= 1.3 at M=0 ( See given airplane data)

Step 6: Wing Loading,

Step 7,8: See given airplane data

AR (or A) = 8.0, = 0.4, Λ=0
The compressible sweep parameter
Compressibility parameter at M=0

Assume κ=1 for this case and

from curves in Fig. 3.4.14 obtain the following values:

( let Cl α = Cl α A)
 Interpolated above values to =0.4 obtain

or

Step 9: Computing mass parameter

)=0.25(
)=0.5(
Step 10: Refer to FAR 25.337(b) , the positive limit
maneuvering factor is as follows:

Therefore use n =2.5

Also, Refer to FAR 25.337(b) , the negative limit maneuvering
factor is as follows:
n = -1.0
V-n diagram plot
 Wing Design Load

Air Load Spanwise Distribution:

The airloading on a wing consists of two parts:

•Additional loading (is caused by angle of attack)
•Basic loading (is that distribution of air load on
the wing when the total lift is zero)
 •Additional loading

Flexible wing

Rigid wing

Clα

b= wing span

Wing semi-
span
airplane

Sectional lift coefficient distribution of additional lift case

•Basic loading

Tip chord
line

Clα
Wing
semi-
span

Root
chord line

Sectional lift coefficient distribution of

basic lift case.
Example
Estimate the "additional lift" on the wing, i.e. versus span,
neglecting fuselage effects and considering the wing leading and
trailing edge loads carried into centerline.
Solution methodology:
Considering a strip (Δy) on the wing, the average chord length

and

let

Lift on half wing

Dividing above equations by

Therefore

From curves in Fig. 3.4.13 obtain as tabulated in

the following table.

 D C B A
η=

(λ=0.4) (λ=0. 5) (λ=0.25)

1.343 1.305 1.400 0.000

1.164 1.150 1.185 0.383
0.866 0.890 0.830 0.707
1.508 0.540 0.460 0.921
0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000
Shearing Force in X direction :

should equal to 1.0. Good practice would be to refair

slightly to convergence on 1.0 at η =0 .

Bending Moment about Z axis :

 η n

(4) (3) (2) (1)

0.4128 0.993 1.343 0 1

0.3202 0.860 1.325 0.1 2
0.2407 0.730 1.280 0.2 3
0.174 0.604 1.223 0.3 4
0.1195 0.485 1.155 0.4 5
0.0766 0.374 1.072 0.5 6
0.0443 0.272 0.980 0.6 7
0.0217 0.179 0.877 0.7 8
0.0079 0.0979 0.738 0.8 9
0.0013 0.0334 0.552 0.9 10
0.0002 0.0098 0.392 0.95 11
0.000 0.000 1.0 12