EMISSION SPECTRUM OF

CHARLITO R.
HYDROGEN, AND DUAL ALIGADO
NATURE OF MATTER
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Explain the emission spectrum of hydrogen using the Bohr model of the hydrogen
atom;
2. Calculate the energy, wavelength, and frequencies involved in the electron
transitions in the hydrogen atom;
3. Relate the emission spectra to common occurrences like fireworks and neon
lights;
4. Describe the Bohr model of the atom and the inadequacies of the Bohr model;
5. Explain the wave-particle duality of matter and
6. Perform calculations to determine wavelengths associated with moving bodies.
THE EMISSION SPECTRUM
AND THE BOHR THEORY OF
THE HYDROGEN ATOM
• When elements are energized by heat or other means,
they give off a characteristic or distinctive spectrum,
called an emission spectrum, which can be used to
differentiate one element from another.
• While scientists recognized the usefulness of emission
spectra in identifying elements, the origins of these
spectra were unknown.
THE EMISSION SPECTRUM
AND THE BOHR THEORY OF
THE HYDROGEN ATOM
• Classical mechanics and electromagnetic theory
explained that any charged particle moving on a
curved path would emit electromagnetic radiation.
This implies that electrons would lose energy and
spiral into the nucleus.
THE EMISSION SPECTRUM
AND THE BOHR THEORY OF
THE HYDROGEN ATOM
• Niels Bohr proposed his model of the hydrogen atom
to explain how electrons could stay in stable orbits
around the nucleus. This model is no longer
considered to be correct in all its details. However, it
could explain the phenomenon of emission spectra.
THE EMISSION SPECTRUM
AND THE BOHR THEORY OF
THE HYDROGEN ATOM
• Bohr made the following postulates:
a. Electrons go around the nucleus in circular orbits. However, not all
circular orbits are allowed. The electron is allowed to occupy only
specific orbits with specific energies. Therefore, the energies of the
electron are quantized.
b. If the electron stays in the allowed orbit, its energy is stable. It will
not emit radiation and it will not spiral into the nucleus.
c. If an electron jumps from one orbit to another, it will absorb or
emit energy in quanta equal to ∆E=hf.
THE EMISSION SPECTRUM
AND THE BOHR THEORY OF
THE HYDROGEN ATOM
According to Bohr, the energy of the electron in the H
atom is given by:
THE EMISSION SPECTRUM
AND THE BOHR THEORY OF
THE HYDROGEN ATOM
• The negative sign is an arbitrary convention. A free
electron is arbitrarily considered to have an energy of
zero. A negative energy means that the energy of the
electron is lower than the energy of a free electron.
• RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen equal to
2.18 x 10-18J. The number n is an integer equal to n =
1, 2, 3,…
EXERCISES
QUANTUM LEAP
• When energy is absorbed by the atom, the electron gets
excited and jumps from a lower orbit to a higher orbit.
When electrons go from a higher energy level to a lower
energy level, it emits radiation.
• According to Bohr, if an electron jumps from one orbit
to another, it will absorb or emit energy in quanta equal
to:
• The Bohr model can explain the experimental emission
spectrum of hydrogen which includes a wide range of
wavelengths from the infrared to the UV region.
QUANTUM LEAP
The electrons jump from their
ground state to an excited state.
Once the electrons return from the
excited state to the ground state,
light is given off. The light
emitted corresponds to the energy
released.
THE LIMITATIONS OF THE BOHR
MODEL OF THE ATOM
• Although the Bohr model could
explain the emission spectrum of
hydrogen and was an important step
in the development of atomic theory,
it has several limitations:
a. It cannot explain the spectrum of
atoms with more than one electron.
THE LIMITATIONS OF THE BOHR
MODEL OF THE ATOM
b. It cannot explain the relative intensities
of spectral lines (why are some lines
more intense than others).
c. It cannot explain why some lines are slit
into several components in the presence
of a magnetic field (called the Zeeman
effect).
THE LIMITATIONS OF THE BOHR
MODEL OF THE ATOM
d. According to the Bohr model, when
electrons go around the nucleus in
certain orbits, its energy remains
constant. But moving electrons would
lose energy by emitting electromagnetic
waves and the electron is expected to
spiral into the nucleus.
THE LIMITATIONS OF THE BOHR
MODEL OF THE ATOM
e. It violates the Heisenberg’s
Uncertainty Principle. The Bohr
model considers electrons to have a
known radius and orbit which is
impossible according to Heisenberg.
This will be explained later in the
next lesson.
 THE DUAL NATURE OF THE
ELECTRON; DE BROGLIE’S
EQUATION
• De Broglie reasoned
that if light could
have particle-like
properties, then
particles like
electrons could also
have wavelike
properties.
 THE DUAL NATURE OF THE
ELECTRON; DE BROGLIE’S
EQUATION
Mathematically, this means that the circumference of the
allowed orbit (2r) must be equal to an integral multiple
of the wavelength.
 Where;
 
𝒉
𝝀𝒅𝒆 𝑩𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒆 = h = plancks’ constant

𝒎𝒖 m
u
= mass of particle
= velocity of the particle
CALCULATING THE DE
BROGLIE WAVELENGTH
CALCULATING THE DE
BROGLIE WAVELENGTH
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF
DE BROGLIE WAVELENGTH
• Waves associated with material
particles were called by de Broglie as
“matter waves”. If matter waves exist
for small particles, then beams of
particles, such as electrons, should
exhibit the properties of waves, like
diffraction.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF
DE BROGLIE WAVELENGTH
• Diffraction refers to various phenomena
which occur when a wave encounters an
obstacle or a slit.
 EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF
DE BROGLIE WAVELENGTH
• The diffraction phenomenon is described
as the interference of waves. If the
distance between objects that the waves
scatter from is about the same as the
wavelength of the radiation, diffraction
occurs and an interference pattern
occurs.
WHY DO ELEMENTS EMIT
DIFFERENT COLORS WHEN
HEATED?
Pyrotechnic materials such as flares and fireworks also
follow the atomic spectra concepts. These chemicals are
ignited through a time fuse, causing the electrons in the
chemicals to be excited during the reaction in the
atmosphere. As the electrons go down a lower energy
level, different colors are emitted from these different
chemicals. The red glow is light with the least energy
and the violet glow has the most energy.