SOME SPECIALIZED

CELLS IN THE HUMAN

BODY
By: Trizia Marie Ledesma
and Samantha Crystal
Shane Cabuenas
LET’S
BEGIN
 NEURONS
The neuron is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized
cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or
gland cells. Neurons are cells within the nervous system that transmit
information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. Most neurons
have a cell body, an axon, and dendrites.
Neurons, also known as nerve cells, send and receive signals from your brain.
While neurons have a lot in common with other types of cells, they’re
structurally and functionally unique.
3 MAIN TYPES OF NEURONS
Sensory neurons - Sensory neurons are the nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the
environment - for example, when you touch a hot surface with your fingertips, the sensory neurons will be
the ones firing and sending off signals to the rest of the nervous system about the information they have
received.
Motor neurons - of the spinal cord are part of the central nervous system (CNS) and connect to muscles,
glands and organs throughout the body. These neurons transmit impulses from the spinal cord to
skeletal and smooth muscles (such as those in your stomach), and so directly control all of our muscle
movements. 
Interneurons - As the name suggests, interneurons are the ones in between - they connect spinal motor
and sensory neurons. As well as transferring signals between sensory and motor neurons,  interneurons
can also communicate with each other, forming circuits of various complexity. They are multipolar, just
like motor neurons.
 PARTS OF
NEURONS AND IT’S
FUNCTIONS
CELL BODY
The cell body, also called the soma, is the spherical part
of the neuron that contains the nucleus. The cell body
connects to the dendrites, which bring information to the
neuron, and the axon, which sends information to other
neurons. When information is received from another
neuron, the dendrites pass the signal to the cell body. The
cell body then may send the information to the axon,
depending on the strength of the signal.
AXON
Axons are very thin nerve fibers that carry nerve impulses away
from a neuron (nerve cell) to another neuron. A neuron is
responsible for receiving sensory input, sending motor commands
to your muscles, and transforming and relaying the electrical
signals throughout these processes. Every neuron has one axon that
connects it with other neurons or with muscle or gland cells.
DENDRITES
Dendrites are projections of a neuron (nerve cell) that
receive signals (information) from other neurons. The
transfer of information from one neuron to another is
achieved through chemical signals and electric impulses, that
is, electrochemical signals. The information transfer is usually
received at the dendrites through chemical signals, then it
travels to the cell body (soma).
• Myelin Shealth - is an insulating layer, or
sheath that forms around nerves, including
those in the brain and spinal cord. ... This myelin
sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit
quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.
• Axon Terminals - The axon terminal is the part
of the axon that releases the neurotransmitters
that relay signals across a synapse.
MUSCLE CELLS

Muscle cells, commonly known as myocytes, are the cells

that make up muscle tissue. There are 3 types of muscle
cells in the human body; cardiac, skeletal, and smooth cells
They help to control the physical forces within the body.
When grouped together, they can facilitate organized
movement of your limbs and tissues.
THE 3 TYPES OF A
MUSCLE CELLS
ARE:
CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS

Cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, are the

muscle fibers comprise the myocardium, the middle
muscular layer, of the heart.

The major function of cardiac muscle cells is to

contract so as to enable the heart to pump blood
to all the parts of the body. 
SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS

Skeletal muscle cells make up the

muscle tissues connected to the
skeleton and are important in
locomotion. 
SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS
Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs like
your intestines and stomach. They work automatically without
you being aware of them. Smooth muscles are involved in
many ‘housekeeping functions of the body.
 Smooth muscle cells are responsible for involuntary
movement, like that of the intestines during peristalsis
(contraction to propel food through the digestive system).
 SPERM CELLS
Sperm cells are gametes (sex cells) that are produced in the testicular organ (gonad) of
male human beings and animals. ... In both animals and human beings, among many other
organisms, these cells are involved in the sexual mode of reproduction which involves the
interaction of male and female gametes.
A sperm cell consists of two parts, the head and the tail. The overall structure of the
sperm makes it perfectly designed to carry out its function. The primary function of
the sperm is to pass on the necessary biological information required to produce a
new organism. 
PARTS, STRUCTURES,
FUNCTIONS AND
LOCATIONS OF A
SPERM CELLS
PARTS OF A SPERM CELL
Mitochondria -The structure and function of the sperm mitochondria are
essentially similar to mitochondria in somatic cells. The sperm
mitochondria produce energy for the movement of the sperm. The sperm
mitochondria, as well as the mitochondria in the somatic cells, contain its
own DNA

Nucleus - The head of the sperm contains the nucleus. The nucleus holds the
DNA of the cell. The head also contains enzymes that help the sperm break
through the cell membrane of an egg.
• Sperm centrioles - have roles during spermatogenesis, including during cell
divisions and flagellum formation. Sperm centrioles play roles in the mature sperm,
including linking the head and tail and controlling beating.

• Acrosome - The acrosome is one of the main components of a sperm

cell overlying the nucleus. It's located on the anterior part of the sperm
head where it serves a number of important roles related to fertilization.

• Sperm Neck - The sperm neck contains centrioles that form the cilium (also known
as the flagellum) of the sperm, and after fertilization form the major microtubule-
organizing center of the zygote. The sperm neck or tail (depending on the species)
also contains the mitochondria that are used as an energy source.
• Plasma Membrane- The sperm plasma
membrane is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids
and a variety of proteins, and its function is
associated with sperm capacitation, acrosome
reaction and sperm-egg fusion. Sperm
fertilizability can be predicted by detecting the
function of the sperm plasma membrane.
RED BLOOD CELLS
• Red blood cell, also called erythrocyte, cellular component
of blood, millions of which in the circulation of vertebrates give
the blood its characteristic colour and carry oxygen from the
lungs to the tissues. The mature human red blood cell is small,
round, and biconcave; it appears dumbbell-shaped in profile. Red
blood cells also remove carbon dioxide from your body, bringing it to the lungs for you to
exhale.
• Red blood cells are made in the bone marrow. They typically live for about 120 days, and
then they die.
PATHOGEN
•A pathogen is an organism that causes
disease. Your body is naturally full of
microbes. However, these microbes only
cause a problem if your immune system is
weakened or if they manage to enter a
normally sterile part of your body.
 THE 4 TYPES OF PATHOGENS ARE:

• VIRUSES - Viruses are made up of a piece of

genetic code, such as DNA or RNA, and protected
by a coating of protein. Once you’re infected,
viruses invade host cells within your body. They
then use the components of the host cell to
replicate, producing more viruses.
• BACTERIA - are microorganisms made of a
single cell. They are very diverse, have a variety of
shapes and features, and have the ability to live in
just about any environment, including in and on
your body. 
• FUNGI - There are millions of different fungal
species on Earth. Just 300Trusted Source or so
are known to cause sickness. Fungi can be found
just about everywhere in the environment,
including indoors, outdoors, and on human skin.
They cause infection when they overgrow.
• PARASITES - are organisms that behave like
tiny animals, living in or on a host and feeding
from or at the expense of the host. Though 
parasitic infections are more common in tropical
and subtropical regions, they can occur anywhere.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Key points:
• Unlike other cells, neurons don’t reproduce or regenerate. They aren’t replaced once they die.
• In a chemical synapse, action potentials affect other neurons via a gap between neurons called a synapse.
Synapses consist of a presynaptic ending, a synaptic cleft, and a postsynaptic ending.
• When an action potential is generated, it’s carried along the axon to a presynaptic ending. 
. There are 3 types of muscle cells in the human body; cardiac, skeletal, and smooth cells
• There 3 structure of sperm cell the head, midpiece and tail
• The 3 main part as of neurons are cell body, axon and dendrites
• The 3 types of neurons are sensory neurons, motor neurons and interneurons
• The main parts of a sperm cells are mitochondria, nucleus, antrioles, sperm neck, plasma membrane,
Acrosome
• Specialized cells in the human body are neurons, muscle cells, sperm cells, red blood cells
• There are 3 main types of parasites: Protozoa, Helminths, Ectoparasites
KEY TERMS
•Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. 
•a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
•Neurons communicate via both electrical signals and chemical signals. The electrical signals are
action potentials, which transmit the information from one of a neuron to the other; the chemical
signals are neurotransmitters, which transmit the information from one neuron to the next.
•Neuronal communication is often referred to as an electrochemical event. The movement of the
action potential

• A pathogen is an organism that causes disease.

•Pathogen is not a cell but a organism
•Pathogens types are viruses, bacteria, fungi, Parasite
•Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. 
•Synapse is that small pocket of space between two cells, where they can pass messages to
communicate
•Deoxyribonucleic acid, more commonly known as DNA, is a complex molecule that contains all
of the information necessary to build and maintain an organism. All living things have DNA within
their cells. ... In other words, whenever organisms reproduce, a portion of their DNA is passed