Introduction Engineering Graphics

ENS150.
2
ENGINEERING
GRAPHICS
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
AND ACCESSORIES,
LETTERING AND
DIMENSIONING
TOPIC OUTLINE:
1. Role of Engineering Drawing
2. Drawing Instruments and Aids
a) Drawing Board
b) Mini-Draughter
c) Instrument Box
d) Set of Scales
e) French Curves
f) Compass
g) Protractor
h) Drawing Sheets
i) Templates
j) Drawing Pencils
3. Lettering and Dimensioning Practices
a) Lines
b) Lettering
c) Methods of Dimensioning
Role of Engineering Drawing
• The ability to read drawing is the most

important requirement of all technical
people in any profession. As compared
to verbal or written description, this
method is brief and more clear. Some of
the applications are : building drawing
for civil engineers, machine drawing for
mechanical engineers, circuit diagrams
for electrical and electronics engineers,
computer graphics for one and all.
Role of Engineering Drawing
The subject in general is designed to impart

the following skills:
1. Ability to read and prepare engineering
drawings.
2. Ability to make free hand sketching of
objects
3. Power to imagine, analyse and
communicate, and
4. Capacity to understand other subjects.
Drawing Instruments and Aids
• Drawing Board
– It is a plane and
smooth surface for
drawing purposes
with a working edge
for T-square.
– The T-square is made
of a long strip called the
blade, fastened at right
angles to a shorter
piece called the head.
• Drawing Board
• The left edge and right edge of
a drawing board has a true
straight edge.
• For a right-handed people, the

left-hand edge of the board is
called the working edge
because the T-square head
slides against it.
• For left-handed people, the

right-hand edge of the board is
called the working edge
because the T-square head
slides against it.
• Mini-Draughter
– It consists of an angle
formed by two arms
with scales marked and
rigidly hinged to each
other. It combines the
function of T-square,
set-squares, scales and
protractor
• Instrument Box
–Instrument box typically
contains: Compasses,
Dividers, and Inking Pens
• Set of Scales
– Scales are used to make
drawing of the objects
to proportionate size
desired. These are made
of wood, steel or plastic
• Set of Triangular Scales
– A triangular scale is a ruler that has a 3-lobed cross-
section with 6 different types of scales on the edges (2
on each face) used for measuring and preparing scale
drawings such as blueprints and maps. It is also called
an architect’s scale.
1) Reducing scales 1:2 1:101:5
1:201:501:100
1:200 1:500 1:1000
2) Enlarging scales 50:120:110:1

5:1 2:1
3) Full size scales 1:1

• French Curves
– They are used to draw
irregular shapes and curves
such as parabola, elliptical
shapes and parabola.
• Compass
– It’s used for drawing
arcs and circles. The
divider is little different
with both legs made of
steel and use for
transferring distance.
• Protractor
– It’s used to measure and
lay-out angles.
• Drawing Sheets
– Drawing sheets of different sizes are available in the
market. A good quality drawing is always made on a
tough, strong and glossy sheet with perfect white
colour.
• Template (Title Block)
– A title block is a template
for a sheet and generally
includes a border for the page
and information about the
design firm, such as its name,
address, and logo. The title
block can also display
information about the project,
client, and individual sheets,
including issue dates and
revision information.
• Drawing Pencils
– Drawings make sense when they are made with correct
types of lines drawn using the correct grades of pencils.
Although an equal grade of pencils manufactured by
any brand possesses same softness, it is advisable to
purchase pencils of different grades of the same brand.
• Drawing Lead
– The first consideration in the selection of a grade of
lead is the type of line work required. For light
construction lines for lettering use a hard lead. For all
other line work, the lines should be BLACK. The lead
chosen should be soft enough to produce jet black
lines but hard enough not to smudge.
HARD MEDIUM
8B 7B 6B 5B 4B 3B 2B 2H H F HB B
Hard leads are used where
extreme accuracy is Medium leads are
required. Generally these used for general
leads are used for purpose line work in
construction lines. technical drawing.
SOFT
2H 3H 4H 5H 6H
Soft leads are used

for various kinds of art
work. These leads are
too soft to be useful in
mechanical drafting.
Lettering and Dimensioning Practices
• Lines
– For general engineering drawings, various types of lines are
recommended. Each line has a specific meaning and function.
TYPES OF LINES:
1. Visible Outlines, Visible Edges: Type 01.2 (Continuous wide lines)
• The lines drawn to represent the visible outlines/ visible edges surface
boundary lines of objects should be outstanding in appearance.
2. Dimension Lines: Type 01.1 (Continuous narrow Lines)
• Dimension Lines are drawn to mark dimension.
3. Extention Lines: Type 01.1 (Continuous narrow Lines)
• There are extended slightly beyond the respective dimension lines.
4. Construction Lines: Type 01.1 (Continuous narrow Lines)
• Construction Lines are drawn for constructing drawings and should not be
erased after completion of the drawing.
5. Hatching/Section Lines: Type 01.1 (Continuous Narrow Lines) Type 01.1
Hatching Lines are drawn for the sectioned portion of an object.
These are drawn inclined at an angle of 45° to the axis or to the
main outline of the section.
6. Guide Lines: Type 01.1(Continuous Narrow Lines)
Guide Lines are drawn for lettering and should not be erased after
lettering.
7. Break Lines: Type 01.1(Continuous Narrow Freehand Lines)
Wavy continuous narrow line drawn freehand is used to
represent break of an object.
8. Break Lines: Type 01.1 (Continuous Narrow Lines W ith Z igzags)
Straight continuous arrow line with zigzags is used to represent break
of an object.
9. Dashed Narrow Lines: Type 02.1 (Dashed Narrow Lines)
Hidden edges I Hidden outlines of objects are shown by dashed lines
of short dashes of equal lengths of about 3 mm, spaced at equal distances
of about 1 mm. the points of intersection of these lines with the outlines I
another hidden line should be clearly shown.
10. Center Lines: Type 04.1 (Long-Dashed Dotted Narrow Lines)
Center Lines are draWn at the center of the drawings symmetrical
about an axis or both the
axes. These are extended by a short distance beyond the outline of
the drawing.
11. Cutting Plane Lines: Type 04.1 and Type 04.2
Cutting Plane Line is drawn to show the location of a cutting plane. It
is long-dashed dotted narrow line, made wide at the ends, bends and
change of direction. The direction of viewing is shown by means of
arrows resting on the cutting plane line.
12. Border Lines: (Continuous Narrow Lines W ith Z igzags)
Border Lines are continuous wide lines of minimum thickness 0.7 mm.
• Line Width
- Line width means line
thickness. Choose line
widths according to
the size of the drawing
from the range:
0.13mm, 0.18mm,
0.25mm, 0.35mm, 0.5,
0. 7mm and 1.0 mm.
• Precedence of Lines
1. When a Visible Line coincide with a Hidden Line or Center Line, draw the
Visible Line. Also, extend the Center Line beyond the outlines of the view.
2. When a Hidden Line coincides with a Center Line, draw the Hidden Line.
3. When a Visible Line coincides with a Cutting Plane, draw the Visible Line.
4. When a Center line coincides with a Cutting Plane, draw the Center Line
and show the Cutting Plane line outside the outlines of the view at the ends
of the Center Line by thick dashes.
• Lettering
– Lettering is defined as writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions, etc., on a drawing.
– The description of an object or machine component requires the use of graphic
language to show the shape and of the written language to explain sizes and other
information. The written language used on drawings is in the form of lettering.
Freehand lettering, perfectly legible and quickly made, is an important part of
engineering drawings.
• Single Stroke Lettering
– Lettering in drawing should be in CAPITALS (i.e .. Upper-case letters).
– Lower-case (small) letters are used for abbreviations like mm. em. etc.
– Size of Letters is measured by the height h of the CAPITAL letters as

well as numerals. Standard heights for CAPITAL letters and numerals
recommended are given below:
1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6, 10, 14 and 20 mm

– Note: Size of the letters may be selected based upon the size of
drawing.
Two Types of Single Stroke
1. Lettering Type A: (i) Vertical and (ii) Sloped (at 75° to the horizontal)
2. Lettering Type B : (i) Vertical and (ii) Sloped (at 75° to the horizontal)
• Preferred TYPE B
– In Type A, height of the capital letter is divided into 14 equal parts, while in
Type B, height of the capital letter is divided into 10 equal parts. Type B is
preferred for easy and fast execution, because of the division of height into
10 equal parts.
• Guide Lines
– In order to obtain correct and uniform height of letters and numerals.
guide lines are drawn. Using 2H pencil with light pressure. HB grade
conical end pencil is used for lettering.
• Procedure for Lettering
1. Thin horizontal guide lines are drawn first at a distance 'b' apart.
2. Lettering Technique : Horizontal Lines of the letters are drawn
from left to right. Vertical, inclined and curved lines are drawn
from top to bottom.
3. After lettering has been completed, the guidelines are not erased.
• Dimensioning of
Type B Letters
 h (height of capital letters),
 c1 (height of lower-case
letters).
 c2 (tail of lower-case letters).
 c3 (stem of lower-case letters),
 a (spacing between
characters).
 b1 & b2 (spacing between
baselines),
 e (spacing between words)
and
 d (line thickness)
• Guidelines For Lettering (for Fig. 2.8, 2.9 and 2.10)
1.Drawing numbers. title block and letters denoting cutting planes. sections
are written in 10 mm size.
2.Drawing title is Written in 7 mm size.
3.Hatching, sub-titles. materials. dimensions. notes, etc .. are written in 3.5
mm size.
4.Space between lines= 3/4 h.
5.Space between words may be equal to the width of alphabet M or 3/5 h.
6.Space between letters should be approximately equal to 1/5 h. Poor
spacing will affect the visual effect.
7.The spacing between two characters may be reduced by half if this gives
a better visual effect, as for example LA, TV; over lapped in case of say
LT. TA etc, and the space is increased for letters with adjoining stems.
• CAPITAL LETTERS
1. Ratio of height to width for most of the CAPITAL letters is approximately= 10:6
2. However, for M and W, the ratio= 10:8 for I the ratio= 10:2
• Lower Case Letters
1. Height of lower-case letters with stem I tail (b, d, f, g, h, j, k. I, p, q, t. y) = c 2 = c3
=h
2. Ratio of height to width for lower-case letters with stem or tail = 10:5
3. Height of lower-case letters without stem or tail c1 is approximately= (7/10) h
4. Ratio of height to width for most lower-case letters without stem or tail= 7: 5
5. However, form and w, the ratio= 7: 7. For I and I, the ratio= 10:2
• Numerals
1. For numerals 0 to 9, the
ratio of height to width= 10:
5. For 1, ratio= 10: 2
• Spacing
1. Spacing between
characters= a = (2 /10)h
2. Spacing between words= e
= (6/10)h
• Dimensioning
• Drawing describes the shape of an object. For manufacturing of the object,
size description is required. Dimensions are shown on the drawings. The
same unit of measurement (i.e. millimetres) is adopted for all dimensioning
but without showing the unit symbol. Unit symbol on a drawing is shown in a
note [ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm].
ELEMENTS OF DIMENSIONING
1. Projection Lines
2. Dimension Lines
3. Leader Line
4. Extension Line
5. Termination of Dimension Line
6. Reference Dimensions
PROJECTION LINE and DIMENSION LINE
TERMINATION OF DIMENSION LINE
LEADER LINE
• Principles of Dimensioning
1. All dimensional information necessary to
describe a component clearly and completely
shall be written directly on a drawing.
2. Each feature shall be dimensioned once

only on a drawing, i.e., dimension marked in
one view need not be repeated in another
view
3. Dimension should be placed on the view

where the shape is best seen (Fig.2.14)
• Principles of
Dimensioning
4. As far as possible, dimensions should
be expressed in one unit only preferably
in millimeters, without showing the unit
symbol (mm).
5. As far as possible dimensions should
be placed outside the view (Fig.2.15).
6. Dimensions should be taken from
visible outlines rather than from hidden
lines (Fig. 2.16).
• Principles of
Dimensioning
7. No gap should be left between the
feature and the start of the extension line
(Fig.2.17).
8. Crossing of centre lines should be

done by a long dash and not a short
dash (Fig.2. 18).
• Execution of Dimensions
1. Prejection and dimension lines should
be drawn as thin continuous lines.
Projection lines should extend slightly
beyond the respective dimension line.
Projection lines should be drawn
perpendicular to the feature being
dimensioned. If the space for
dimensioning is insufficient, the arrow
heads may be reversed and the adjacent
arrow heads may be replaced by a dot
(Fig.2.19). However, they may be drawn
obliquely, but parallel to each other in
special cases, such as on tapered feature
(Fig. 2.20).
• Execution of Dimensions
2. A leader line is a line referring to a feature (object,
outline, dimension). Leader lines should be inclined to the
horizontal at an angle greater than 30°. Leader line should
tenninate, (a)with a dot, if they end within the outline of an
object(Fig.2. 21a). (b)with an arrow head, if they end on
outside of the object (Fig. 2.21b). (c)without a dot or arrow
head, if they end on dimension line (Fig.2.21c).
• Dimension Termination and
Origin Indication
Dimension lines should show
distinct tennination in the fonn of
arrow heads or oblique strokes or
where applicable an origin indication
(Fig.2. 22). The arrow head
included angle is 15°. The origin
indication is drawn as a small open
circle of approximately 3 mm in
diameter. The proportion lenght to
depth 3 : 1 of arrow head is shown
in Fig.2. 23.
• Methods of Indicating Dimensions
T W O M E T H O D S:
Method 1: (Aligned Method)
Dimensions should be placed parallel to and above middle, and clear
of the line. (Fig.2.25). Dimensions on oblique dimension lines should
be oriented as shown in Fig.2.26a and except where unavoidable,
they shall not be placed in the 30° zone. Angular dimensions are
oriented as shown in Fig.2.26b
Method 2: (Uni-directional Method)
Dimensions should be indicated so that they can be read from the
bottom of the drawing only. Non-horizontal dimension lines are
interrupted, preferably in the middle for insertion of the dimension
(Fig.2. 27a).
Lettering and
Dimensioning Practices
• Arrangement of Dimensions
1. Chain Dimensioning
• Chain of single dimensioning
should be used only where the
possible accumulation of
tolerances does not endanger the
fundamental requirement of the
component (Fig.2.33)
2. Parallel Dimensioning
• In parallel dimensioning, a number
of dimension lines parallel to one
another and spaced out, are used.
This method is used where a
number of dimensions have a
common datum feature (Fig.2.34).
3. Combined Dimensioning
Lettering and
 1. Dimension should follow the shape symbol.
 2 and 3. As far as possible, features should not be used as
extension lines for dimensioning.
 4. Extension line should touch the feature.
 5. Extension line should project beyond the dimension line.
 6. Writing the dimension is not as per aligned method
 7. Hidden lines should meet without a gap.
 8. Centre line representation is wrong. Dots should be
replaced by small dashes.
 9. Horizontal dimension line should not be broken to insert
the value of dimension in both aligned and uni-direction
methods.
 10. Dimension should be placed above the dimension line.
 11. Radius symbol should precede the dimension.
 12. Centre line should cross with long dashes not short
dashes.
 13. Dimension should be written by symbol followed by its
values and not abbreviation.
 14. Note with dimensions should be written in capitals.
FIGURE ABOVE CONTAINS
VIOLATION OF SOME  15. Elevation is not correct usage.
PRINCIPLES  16. Plan is obsolete in graphic language
Lettering and
FIG. 2.36a violated most of the principles of dimensioning;

FIG 2.36b is the corrected version

Introduction Engineering Graphics

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Introduction Engineering Graphics

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ENS150.

• The ability to read drawing is the most

The subject in general is designed to impart

• For a right-handed people, the

• For left-handed people, the

2) Enlarging scales 50:120:110:1

3) Full size scales 1:1

Soft leads are used

– Size of Letters is measured by the height h of the CAPITAL letters as

1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6, 10, 14 and 20 mm

Two Types of Single Stroke

PROJECTION LINE and DIMENSION LINE

TERMINATION OF DIMENSION LINE

2. Each feature shall be dimensioned once

3. Dimension should be placed on the view

8. Crossing of centre lines should be

FIG. 2.36a violated most of the principles of dimensioning;

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