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Concepts & Connections: Fifth Edition by Charles H. Corwin
Concepts & Connections: Fifth Edition by Charles H. Corwin
Chapter 15
Acids and
Bases
Chapter 15 2
Properties of Bases
• A base is a substance that releases hydroxide ions,
OH –, into water.
• Red litmus paper turns blue in the presence of
hydroxide ions. Red litmus is used to test for
bases.
• Bases have a slippery,
soapy feel.
• Bases also have a bitter
taste; milk of magnesia
is a base.
Chapter 15 3
Acid/Base Neutralization
• Recall that an acid and a base react with each
other in a neutralization reaction.
• When an acid and a base react, water and a salt
are produced.
• For example, nitric acid reacts with sodium
hydroxide to produce sodium nitrate and water:
HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Chapter 15 4
The pH Scale
• A pH value expresses the acidity or basicity of a
solution.
• Most solutions have a pH between 0 and 14.
• Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7.
– As a solution becomes more acidic, the pH decreases.
• Basic solutions have a pH greater than 7.
– As a solution becomes more basic, the pH increases.
Chapter 15 5
Acid/Base Classifications of Solutions
• A solution can be classified according to its pH.
• Strongly acidic solutions
have a pH less than 2.
• Weakly acidic solutions
have a pH between 2 and 7.
• Weakly basic solutions have
a pH between 7 and 12.
• Strongly basic solutions
have a pH greater than 12.
• Neutral solutions have a
pH of 7.
Chapter 15 6
Buffers
• A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH
when an acid or a base is added.
• A buffer is a solution of a weak acid and one of its
salts:
– Citric acid and sodium citrate make a buffer solution.
Chapter 15 8
Strengths of Acids
• Acids have varying strengths.
• The strength of an Arrhenius acid is measured by
the degree of ionization in solution.
• Ionization is the process where polar compounds
separate into cations and anions in solution.
• The acid HCl ionizes into H+ and Cl– ions in
solution.
Chapter 15 9
Strengths of Bases
• Bases also have varying strengths.
• The strength of an Arrhenius base is measured by
the degree of dissociation in solution.
• Dissociation is the process where cations and
anions in an ionic compound separate in solution.
• A formula unit of NaOH dissociates into Na + and
OH– ions in solution.
Chapter 15 10
Strong and Weak Arrhenius Acids
• Strong acids ionize extensively to release
hydrogen ions into solution.
– HCl is a strong acid and ionizes nearly 100%.
• Weak acids only ionize slightly in solution.
– HF is a weak acid and ionizes only about 1%.
Chapter 15 11
Arrhenius Acids in Solution
• All Arrhenius acids have a hydrogen atom bonded
to the rest of the molecule by a polar bond. This
bond is broken when the acid ionizes.
• Polar water molecules help ionize the acid by
pulling the hydrogen atom away:
HCl(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl–(aq) (~100%)
HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq) (~1%)
Chapter 15 13
Arrhenius Bases in Solution
• When we dissolve Arrhenius bases in solution,
they dissociate, giving a cation and a hydroxide
anion.
• Strong bases dissociate almost fully, and weak
bases dissociate very little:
NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) (~100%)
NH4OH(aq) → NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq) (~1%)
Chapter 15 14
Chemistry Connection: Svante Arrhenius
• Svante Arrhenius noted that NaCl
solutions conducted electricity; while
sugar solutions did not.
• He also noticed that the freezing point
of NaCl solutions were lowered twice as much as
sugar solutions at the same concentration.
• He proposed that NaCl produces ions when
dissolved, while sugar was in solution as
molecules.
• It was nearly 20 years before his ideas were
accepted by the scientific community.
Chapter 15 15
Neutralization Reactions
• Recall, an acid neutralizes a base to produce a salt
and water.
– HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Chapter 15 16
Predicting Neutralization Reactions
• We can identify the Arrhenius acid and base that
react in a neutralization reaction to produce a
given salt such as calcium sulfate, CaSO4.
• The calcium must be from calcium hydroxide,
Ca(OH)2; the sulfate must be from sulfuric acid,
H2SO4.
– H2SO4(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → CaSO4(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
Chapter 15 17
Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
• The Brønsted-Lowry definitions of acids and
bases are broader than the Arrhenius definitions.
• A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a substance that
donates a hydrogen ion to any other substance. It
is a proton donor.
• A Brønsted-Lowry base is a substance that
accepts a hydrogen ion. It is a proton acceptor.
Chapter 15 18
Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
• Let’s look at two acid-base reactions:
– HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
– HCl(aq) + NH3(aq) → NH4Cl(aq)
• HCl donates a proton in both reactions and is a
Brønsted-Lowry acid.
• In the first reaction, the NaOH accepts a proton
and is the Brønsted-Lowry base.
• In the second reaction, NH3 accepts a proton and
is the Brønsted-Lowry base.
Chapter 15 19
Amphiprotic Compounds
• A substance that is capable of both donating and
accepting a proton is an amphiprotic compound.
• NaHCO3 is an example:
– HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2CO3(aq)
– NaOH(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) → Na2CO3 (aq) + H2O(l)
Chapter 15 20
Acid-Base Indicators
• A solution that changes color as the pH changes is
an acid-base indicator.
• Shown below are the three indicators at different
pH values.
Chapter 15 23
Titration Problem, continued
• The molarity of NaOH can be written as the unit
factor 0.233 mol NaOH / 1000 mL solution.
Chapter 15 25
Titration Problem, continued
H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
= 49.8 mL NaOH
Chapter 15 26
Acid-Base Standardization
• A standard solution is a solution where the
concentration is precisely known.
• Acid solutions are standardized by neutralizing a
weighed quantity of a solid base.
• What is the molarity of a hydrochloric acid
solution if 25.50 mL are required to neutralize
0.375 g Na2CO3?
Chapter 15 27
Standardization, continued
1 mol Na2CO3 2 mol HCl
0.375 g Na2CO3 × ×
105.99 g Na2CO3 1 mol Na2CO3
Chapter 15 28
Ionization of Water
• Water undergoes an autoionization reaction. Two
water molecules react to produce a hydronium ion
and a hydroxide ion:
– H2O(l) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq) or
– H2O(l) → H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
• At 25 C
– [H+][OH-] = (1 × 10-7)(1 × 10-7)
= 1.0 × 10-14
Chapter 15 31
The pH Concept
• Recall that pH is a measure of the acidity of a
solution.
• A neutral solution has a pH of 7, an acidic
solution has a pH less than 7, and a basic solution
has a pH greater than 7.
• The pH scale uses powers of 10 to express the
hydrogen ion concentration.
• Mathematically: pH = –log[H+]
– [H+] is the molar hydrogen ion concentration
Chapter 15 32
Calculating pH
• What is the pH if the hydrogen ion concentration
in a vinegar solution is 0.001 M?
• pH = –log[H+]
• pH = –log(0.001)
• pH = – ( –3) = 3
• The pH of the vinegar is 3, so the vinegar is
acidic.
Chapter 15 33
Calculating [H+] from pH
• If we rearrange the pH equation for [H +], we get:
[H+] = 10–pH
• Milk has a pH of 6. What is the concentration of
hydrogen ion in milk?
• [H+] = 10–pH = 10–6 = 0.000001 M
• [H+] = 1 × 10–6 M.
Chapter 15 34
Advanced pH Calculations
• What is the pH of blood with [H+] = 4.8 × 10–8 M?
– pH = –log[H+] = –log(4.8 × 10–8) = – (–3.82)
– pH = 3.82
• What is the [H+] in orange juice with a pH of
2.75?
– [H+] = 10–pH = 10–2.75 = 0. 0018 M
– [H+] = 2.75 × 10–3 M
Chapter 15 35
Critical Thinking: Acid Rain
• Nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides, produced from
the combustion of fossil fuels, react with rainwater
to produce nitric and sulfuric acids.
• These strong acids reduce the pH of rainwater.
• Acid rain refers to rain with a pH below 5.
• Acid rain can lower the
pH of lakes and cause
corrosion of metal and
degradation of
limestone and marble
statues.
Chapter 15 36
Strong and Weak Electrolytes
• An aqueous solution that is a good
conductor of electricity is a strong
electrolyte.
• An aqueous solution that is a poor
conductor of electricity is a weak
electrolyte.
• The greater the degree of ionization or
dissociation, the greater the
conductivity of the solution.
Chapter 15 37
Electrolyte Strength
• Weak acids and bases are weak electrolytes.
• Strong acids and bases are strong electrolytes.
• Insoluble ionic compounds are weak electrolytes.
• Soluble ionic compounds are strong electrolytes.
Chapter 15 38
Strengths of Electrolytes
Chapter 15 39
Total Ionic Equations
• The concept of ionization allows us to portray
ionic solutions more accurately by showing strong
electrolytes in their ionized form.
– HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Chapter 15 42
Chapter Summary
• pH is a measure of the acidity of a solution. The
typical range for pH is 0 to 14.
• Neutral solutions have a pH of 7.
• Below are some properties of acids and bases:
Chapter 15 43
Chapter Summary, continued
• An Arrhenius acid is a substance that ionizes in
water to produce hydrogen ions.
• An Arrhenius base is a substance that ionizes in
water to release hydroxide ions.
• A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a substance that
donates a hydrogen ion to any other substance. It
is a proton donor.
• A Brønsted-Lowry base is a substance that
accepts a hydrogen ion. It is a proton acceptor.
Chapter 15 44
Chapter Summary, continued
• In an aqueous solution, [H+][OH-] = 1.0 × 10-14.
This is the ionization constant of water, Kw.
• pH = –log[H+]
• [H+] = 10–pH
• Strong electrolytes are mostly dissociated in
solution.
• Weak electrolytes are slightly dissociated in
solution.
Chapter 15 45