NORTH BENGAL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING

COURSE NO.: EEE 2203

COURSE TITLE: ELECTRONICS II

• Course Teacher: Jahin

Rahman
CLASS_1
COURSE TOPICS
Course topics:
• Linear and non-linear wave shaping: The source free RC circuit, The source free RL circuit
• Clipping and Clamping circuits
• Non Linear function circuits, Negative resistance switching circuits
• Comparators, Schmitt’s Trigger
• IC 555 and its application
• Timing circuits: Bi-stable, mono-stable and Astable multivibrators
• Application of op-amp in timing circuits
• Sweep and staircase generator
• VCO
• PLL
Reference Book:
1. Fundamentals of Electric Circuits-5th edition by Alexander &
Sadiku
2. Op-amps and linear integrated circuits By Gayakwad
3. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by Boylestad
4. Operational Amplifiers and Linear Circuits by Coughlin
Chapter 7 ( Fundamentals of Electric Circuits-6th
edition by Alexander & Sadiku)

FIRST-ORDER CIRCUITS
First order Circuit: A first-order circuit is characterized by a first-order differential Equation:
RL and RC circuit.
Ways of exciting these circuits:
1. The first way is by initial conditions of the storage elements in the circuits. Here, energy is
initially stored in the capacitive or inductive element. This circuits are called Source-free
circuits. The energy causes current to flow in the circuit and is gradually dissipated in the
resistors. Although source-free circuits are by definition free of independent sources, they
may have dependent sources.
2. The second way of exciting first-order circuits is by independent sources.
THE SOURCE-FREE RC
CIRCUIT
• The capacitor is initially charged
• Our objective is to determine the circuit response, the voltage v(t)
across capacitor
• Since the capacitor is initially charged, we can assume that at time
t=0, the initial voltage is

• With the corresponding value of the energy stored as

• Applying KCL at the top node of the circuit in Figure

• By definition, ic=Cdv/dt and iR=v/R and Thus

THE SOURCE-FREE RC
CIRCUIT
Or,

This is a first-order differential equation, since only the first

derivative of v is involved. To solve it, we rearrange the terms as

Integrating both sides, we get

Where lnA is the integration constant. Thus

THE SOURCE-FREE RC
CIRCUIT
Taking powers of e produces

But from the initial conditions v(0)=A=Vo, Hence

This shows that the voltage response of the RC circuit is an exponential

decay of the initial voltage.

• Since the response is due to the initial energy stored and the physical
characteristics of the circuit and not due to some external voltage or
current source, it is called the natural response of the circuit.
• The natural response of a circuit refers to the behavior (in terms
of voltages and currents) of the circuit itself, with no external
sources of excitation.
THE SOURCE-FREE RC
CIRCUIT

The voltage response of the RC circuit.

The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the response to decay to a factor of 1/e or 36.8
percent of its initial value.
This implies that at t=tau the voltage response becomes

Or

• The capacitor is fully discharged (or charged) after five time constants.
MATH EXAMPLE 7.1
• In Figure, let vc(0)=15V and Find vc, vx and ix
• Solution:
• First we need to obtain standard structure of RC
circuit.. We obtain this by finding the Thevenin
equivalent resistance of the circuit.
• The 8 Ohm and 12 Ohm resistors in series can be
combined to give a 20 Ohm resistor. This 20 Ohm
resistor in parallel with the 5 Ohm resistor can be
combined so that the equivalent resistance is
MATH
• Hence, the equivalent circuit

• The time constant is

Thus,

From the Figure beside we can use voltage division to get vx so

Finally,