NORTH BENGAL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING

COURSE NO.: EEE 2203

COURSE TITLE: ELECTRONICS II

• Course Teacher: Jahin

Rahman
CLASS_4
Chapter 17, Article 17.22 Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by Boylestad

NEGATIVE RESISTANCE
In electronics, negative resistance (NR) is a property of some electrical circuits and devices in which an increase
in voltage across the device's terminals results in a decrease in electric current through it.
The UJT is a three-terminal device having the basic construction shown in the figure:

A slab of lightly doped (increased resistance characteristic) n -type silicon material has two base contacts attached
to both ends of one surface and an aluminum rod alloyed to the opposite
surface. The p – n junction of the device is formed at the boundary of the aluminum rod and the
n -type silicon slab. The single p – n junction accounts for the terminology unijunction .
UJT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

The interbase resistance R BB is the resistance of the device between terminals B 1 and B 2 when IE =
0.

Now

The emitter firing potential is given by

NEGATIVE RESISTANCE
The characteristics of a representative unijunction transistor are shown for VBB = 10 V
in the figure . Note that for emitter potentials to the left of the peak point, the magnitude of
IE is never greater than IEO (measured in microamperes). The current IEO corresponds very
closely to the reverse leakage current ICO of the conventional bipolar transistor. This region, as
indicated in the figure, is called the cutoff region. Once conduction is established at V E = VP, the emitter
potential VE will drop with increase in I E . This corresponds exactly to the decreasing
resistance RB1 for increasing current I E , as discussed earlier. This device, therefore, has a
negative-resistance region that is stable enough to be used with a great deal of reliability in the
areas of application listed earlier. Eventually, the valley point will be reached, and any further
increase in I E will place the device in the saturation region.
COMPARATOR
Non-Inverting Comparator (ARTICLE 8-2 FIGURE 8-1 Op-amps and linear integrated circuits By
Gayakwad )
• It is called a non-inverting comparator circuit as the sinusoidal input signal Vin is applied to the
non-inverting terminal. The fixed reference voltage Vref is give to the inverting terminal (-) of
the op-amp.
•If (Vin > Vref), then the output of the non-inverting comparator circuit will be +Vsat
•If (Vi n< Vref), then the output of the non-inverting comparator circuit will be -Vsat.
•he comparator can be called a voltage level detector, as for a fixed value of Vref, the voltage
level of Vin can be detected
COMPARATOR Inverting Comparator (ARTICLE 8-2 FIGURE 8-2 Op-
amps and linear integrated circuits By Gayakwad )
INVERTING COMPARATOR
•It is called a inverting comparator circuit as the sinusoidal input signal Vin is applied to the
inverting terminal. The fixed reference voltage Vref is give to the non-inverting terminal (+) of
the op-amp.
•A potentiometer is used as a voltage divider circuit to obtain the reference voltage in the non-
inverting input terminal. Bothe ends of the POT are connected to the dc supply voltage +VCC
and -VEE. The wiper is connected to the non-inverting input terminal. When the wiper is rotated
to a value near +VCC, Vref becomes more positive, and when the wiper is rotated towards -VEE,
the value of Vref becomes more negative.
•If (Vin > Vref), then the output of the non-inverting comparator circuit will be -Vsat
•If (Vi n< Vref), then the output of the non-inverting comparator circuit will be +Vsat.
ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR
Zero crossing Detector(ARTICLE 8-3, Op-amps and linear integrated circuits By Gayakwad)

• An op-amp detector that has the ability to detect the change from positive to negative or negative to a
positive level of a sinusoidal waveform is known as a zero crossing detector.
• Anyone of the inverting or non-inverting comparators can be used as a zero-crossing detector. The
only change to be brought in is the reference voltage with which the input voltage is to be compared,
must be made zero (Vref = 0V).
• For a reference voltage 0V, when the input sine wave passes through zero and goes in positive
direction, the output voltage Vout is driven into negative saturation. Similarly, when the input voltage
passes through zero and goes in the negative direction, the output voltage is driven to positive
saturation.
COMPARATOR
INVERTING SCHMITT TRIGGER COMPARATOR
ARTICLE 8-4 FIGURE 8-4

SCHMITT TRIGGER
• INVERTING SCHMITT TRIGGER:
• This circuit converts an irregular shaped
waveform into square wave or pulse.
• The input voltage triggers the output vo
everytime it exceeds certain voltage levels called
the upper threshold voltage Vut and lower
threshold voltage Vlt
• So, this comparator has two reference levels:
• 1. Upper threshold voltage Vut
• 2. Lower threshold voltage Vlt
• When Input is above the Upper threshold voltage
Vut, the output becomes low
• When Input is below the lower threshold voltage
Vlt, the output becomes high
ARTICLE 8-4 FIGURE 8-4

SCHMITT TRIGGER
• This threshold voltage Vut and Vlt are obtained
by using the R1-R2 voltage divider, where
voltage across R1 is fed back to the + input.
• The voltage across R1 is a variable reference
threshold voltage that depends on the value and
polarity of output voltage Vo.
• When vo=+Vsat, the voltage across R1 is called
upper threshold voltage Vut
• Vut =(R1/(R1+R2))*(+Vsat)
• When Vin> Vut, output is low
• When vo=-Vsat, the voltage across R1 is called
lower threshold voltage Vlt
• Vlt =(R1/(R1+R2))*(-Vsat)
• When Vin< Vlt, output is high
WHY USE SCHMITT TRIGGER
A Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit that makes use of positive feedback (small changes in the input
lead to large changes in the output in the same phase) to implement hysteresis (a fancy word for delayed
action) and is used to remove noise from an analog signal while converting it to a digital one.

Inverting normal comparator Inverting Schmitt trigger comparator

WHY USE SCHMITT TRIGGER
Non Inverting normal comparator Non Inverting Schmitt trigger comparator
EXAMPLE 8-1